高考英語中，閱讀理解是一種復雜的英語語言思維過程，它是考生對閱讀的語篇材料進行認知、獲得、篩選、加工和整合的全過程。考生要出色地完成英語語篇的閱讀，尤其是課外篇目的閱讀，則更加使得他們思維敏捷、感悟深厚、表達精準等具備多方面的綜合英語素養(yǎng)和能力。因此，考生只要能夠平時要求自己方法得竅，潛心閱讀；快速整理，迅速消化。那么，他們在英語正考中自然就會瞬時心領神會，增分作答了。
● 高考考綱解讀
閱讀理解集中全面地考查考生從閱讀中準確獲取信息的能力，強調考生對語篇的整體把握能力，對語言文化因素的運用能力和解決實際問題的能力。關注微信號80796072，每天都會給你推送最新高考備考資訊。
閱讀理解測試的主要要求：
1.掌握所閱讀材料的主旨和大意，以及用以說明主旨和大意的事實和細節(jié)。
2.既理解具體的事實，也理解抽象的概念。
3.既理解字面意思，也理解深層含義，包括作者的意圖，態(tài)度等。
4.能理解某句，某段的意義，并能把握全篇的文脈，即句與句，段與段之間的關系，并能據(jù)此進行推理和判斷。
5.能根據(jù)材料所提供的信息，結合中學生應有的常識準確判斷生詞的含義。
閱讀理解題的主要特征：
1．語篇材料的真實性。
2．語篇體裁的多樣化，重點涉及記敘文，說明文和議論文。
3．較大的閱讀量和信息量。篇數(shù)一般控制在5篇以內，詞量穩(wěn)定在2000-2500之間，隱藏在表層結構“下面”的則是相當復雜的信息。
4．語篇結構較為復雜。閱讀材料在時間順序上，空間順序上或邏輯推理上運用了較高級的組篇手段。
閱讀文章題材與特征：
1．科技小品：介紹科普知識，科研動態(tài)以及科技成果的開發(fā)，特點和用途。此類文章理論性邏輯性較強，敘述條理，層次分明。特點是科技詞匯較多，句子長且結構復雜，難懂?？忌鷦t需用詞法，句法和語境三管齊下的方法以達到理解全篇把握主旨的目的。
2．說理小品：有理論，有事實。有較強的邏輯性。命題往往從有關細節(jié)以及文章的主旨或作者表達的意圖等方面著手，考查考生思維和判斷能力。
3．新聞報道：主題突出，要點明顯。主要針對5個W（when, where,who, what, why）。
4．人物傳記：以敘述某個人物的生平事跡，趣聞軼事，生活背景，成長或奮斗歷程等為主。特點是以時間的先后順序或事情的發(fā)展進程為主線，脈絡清楚。所以，應抓住相關線索來獲取有關信息，即主人翁在某個時間做什么，然后通過分析推理綜合歸納的方法進行解題。
5．短篇故事：與人物傳記不同的是其一般描述的是一件具體事情的發(fā)生發(fā)展或結局，有人物，時間，地點和事情。命題往往從故事的情節(jié)，人物或事件間的關系，作者的態(tài)度，意圖以及故事前因后果的推測等方面著手，考查考生對細節(jié)的辨認能力和推理判斷能力。
6．史地文化：涉及某個或幾個國家或地區(qū)的，河流，山脈，海洋，城鎮(zhèn)等的地理位置以及與之相關的社會生活，政治經濟，人文歷史，文化習俗等方面的情況，相當一部分文章還附有圖標或圖表共選擇?？忌毰逑嚓P對象間的關系，結合所學的史地知識，選擇正確答案。
7．幽默小品：這類文章是對社會生活，人物的性格特點，行為舉止的某些可笑的特征進行戲劇性描繪的特殊文體。解題時，需要考生仔細揣摩事情發(fā)生的背景及作者的意圖，特別要把握文章的最后幾句，分析它們與上文的對應關系，找出文章的“幽默點”。
8．圖形表格：無文字表述，或只有少量的文字表述。要求考生依據(jù)提供的圖表進行理解或描述。常見的圖表有流程圖，地圖，演示圖，直方圖，平面圖等。閱讀時必須弄清圖表中個部分間的對應關系，同時針對題目要求進行有目的地閱讀。
● 高考命題聚焦
▼整個語篇和上下文語境邏輯關系的考查
▼多層次細節(jié)推理綜合的考查
▼主旨大意進行綜合，歸納和推斷的考查
▼詞匯，短語和句意語意猜測的考查
● 高考考向探秘
■考查重點
▼語篇邏輯關系的理解 ▼語篇深層含義的理解 ▼背景或態(tài)度的理解
■考查難點
▼深層化理解 ▼細節(jié)化理解 ▼綜合化理解
■考查熱點
▼語篇分析理解 ▼深層推斷理解 ▼全文綜合理解
● 高考聚焦題型
【題型1】主旨題：通過分析文章的篇章結構，抓住文章開頭的主題或文章最后的結論從而找出能概括文章主旨的題目和中心思想。
【典例1】Somesupermarkets have a special way of getting people to come to the bakerycounters.Sometimes they spray a “cake smaell”into the air.At other times theyspray the fresh of baking bread.These smells are enough to make people’s mouthswater. The customers then race madly to the counter to buy cakes,bread,rollsand other baked good!
Q: The main ideaof the paragraph is ___.
A. what cakessmell like B. why bakeriesmake money
C. how people areattracted to bakery counters D. what bakery counters in supermarkets sell
【分析】C?？疾橹髦寂袛?。本文首句交代“有些超市用一些特殊的方法讓顧客來面包柜買面包”，下文便是這種方法的具體介紹。選項A指蛋糕的味道，是具體信息；B項文章為提到；D項是說所賣的東西而不是所賣的方法；C項指所賣的方法，由此判斷，C項正確。
【點撥】善用尋讀法，找準主題句。
【題型解密】讀首句抓大意。主題句可能出現(xiàn)在文章的開頭。這些文章開門見山提出主題，隨之用細節(jié)來解釋或發(fā)展主題句所表達的主題思想。在說明文，議論文，科技文獻和新聞報道中多采用這種方式。
【典例2】At this timethe state of South Carolina was having hard times. Year after year the soil hadbeen planted with the same crop. It was farmed by uneducated and carelessslaves, and the planters knew little about soil conservation. Because the soilwas beginning to wear out, crops were smaller. The younger people were notsatisfied to raise cotton on the poor soil of the old South. Many of them movedwestwards and started cotton plantations in Alabamaand Mississippi.What was more, so much cotton had been shipped to the factories in England and New Zealand that they had as muchcotton as they could use. This brought the price of cotton down. More and moreslaves were needed to work on the new and large plantations, and higher andhigher prices were demanded for them. Planters found their expenses rising andtheir incomes from the sale of cotton reduced. Hard times had come to southern Carolina.
1. The subject ofthis passage is ___.
A.economic difficulties of South Carolina B. that the planters knew nothing aboutfarming
C. thatthe soil in southern Carlina was not good D. the causes of hard times in South Carolina
2. Which of thefollowing sentences can summarize the main idea of the passage?
A. Hard times had come to South Carolina.
B. Planters found their expenses rising andtheir incomes from the sale of cotton reduced.
C. The soil was farmed by uneducated andcareless slaves.
D. More and more slaves were needed to workon the new and large plantation.
【分析】1. A 2. A?？疾橹髦寂袛唷?/strong>文章的首句指出“目前，南卡羅來納面臨著艱難狀況”，下文便是艱難狀況的原因，最后得出結論，用一句話對全文進行概括。所以第1題的最佳答案是A項；B項和C項都是后文的細節(jié)原因。D項指涉及原因并沒有涉及現(xiàn)狀，故不能選。第2題的最佳答案是A項。B，C和D項都是原因中的詳細信息。
【點撥】善用尋讀法，找準主題句。
【題型解密】讀句尾抓大意。主題句可能出現(xiàn)在文章的段尾。這些文章通常先擺出事實依據(jù)，層層推理論證，在表述細節(jié)后歸納要點，最后自然的得出結論，即段落的主題。
【典例3】When you throw a ball up into the air as fast asyou can, the ball reaches a point where it seems to pause for a moment, andthen it comes down .When a bullet is shot straight up, it will reavel muchfaster and higher than a ball, but it, too, will come down. Whatevergoes up must come down. We have always thought this to be true. An airplanemay climb to a height of seventeen miles and then travel far and long. Yet itdoes not stay up forever. Finally, like everything else, the plane must comedown.
Q :Which of the following statements can best summarize the main idea of thepassage?
A. A ball falls down like a bullet.
B. Anything that goes up must fall down.
C. A plane travels in the same way as abullet.
D. Everything has weight.
【分析】B?？疾橹髦寂袛?。本段文字完全按照“引題—主題思想—解釋或繼續(xù)論證”的順序來寫。文中的黑體部分是主題句，主題句之前舉了兩個例子，之后是對主題句的補充解釋。A項和C項只是介紹了其中的細節(jié)情形，D項隱含意義很強，但很明顯不是本文的主題。
【點撥】善用尋讀法，找準主題句。
【題型解密】從段落中抓大意。有些文章或段落的主題句位于文章或段落的中間部分。此類文章往往以一句或幾句話引出要表達的主題，在主題句出現(xiàn)后，再舉例陳述細節(jié)或繼續(xù)論證，即引題—主義思想—解釋或繼續(xù)論證。
【典例4】Wouldn’t it be terrible, if we didn’t havegrass? We would have to walk on bare soil. Can you guess what our playgroundswould look like? On a raining day we would get all muddy. On a dry day we wouldbreathe clouds of dust.
Q :The story mainly tells ___.
A. why we need rain
B. hoa grass is kept green
C. how grass helps us
D. without grass we would have to walk onbare soil
【分析】C?？疾橹髦寂袛唷?/strong>本段文字沒有明顯的主題句，而是從不同角度介紹了如果沒有草，人類的生活就會受到影響，所以，我們完全可以從段落中得出結論，草對我們很有用， 故C項是最佳答案。
【點撥】善用尋讀法，找準主題句。
【題型解密】歸納要點抓大意。主題隱含在文章中。文章或段落中沒有明顯的主題句，考生必須根據(jù)文中內容，進行綜合分析，找出共同的東西，歸納成一般概念。這種類型的文章通常是敘述一件事的發(fā)展過程或是陳述一系列同等重要的細節(jié)或事實。
【典例5】An Australian wildlife park attendant survived acrocodile attack after her father jumped on the huge crocodile’s back and dugout its eyes as the horrified tourists looked on.
KarlaBrede, 21, was in a fairly good condition in good care in hospital with abroken bone, a broken leg and some injuries after the attack.
The4.5-metre crocodile caught Karla Bredle around the leg and then the waist whenshe fell during a crocodile feeling show for tourists.
Karla’sfather seized a long-handled tool and beat the crocodile on the head to force itto let go of her, but the tool was doing nothing. So he jumped on its back andstuck his fingers in its eyes and the crocodile let go of her.
Q :The best title of the passage is ___.
A. The Hateful Crocodile
B. Father Saved Daughter’s Life
C. A Terrible Accident
D. The Dangerous Place
【分析】B?？疾橹髦寂袛唷Ｍㄟ^全文可知，Karla Bredle被鱷魚攻擊，她的父親不顧一切跳到鱷魚背上，用手摳出鱷魚的眼珠，救出了她。所以，由比較而得，只有B項最貼近主題。
【點撥】濃縮主題，選擇標題。
【題型解密】標題位于文章之首，用來高度概括文章內容，點明文章主題，是文章中心思想最精煉的表達，可以幫助考生快速推測出整篇文章的主要內容，抓住文章討論的中心。標題的特點是短小精悍，多為短語；概括性強，一般要求能覆蓋全文大意，表述精確，不能隨意改變語言表意的程度及色彩。選擇文章標題時應注意以下幾點：
1. 要在閱讀原文的基礎上，仔細考慮選項與文章主題是否有密切的關系。
2. 再看它對文章的概括性或覆蓋面如何，看題目是過大還是過小。
3. 要避免下列三種錯誤： ①概括不夠（多表現(xiàn)為部分代整體，從而導致不能全面概括文章大意）。②過度概括（多表現(xiàn)為標題概括內容超出了文章大意）。③以事實或細節(jié)代替抽象或具體的大意。
要正確地選擇標題還需要了解標題的寫作格式。一般來說，標題的寫作方式是：以話題為核心，將控制性概念的詞但一定的語法規(guī)則濃縮為概括主題句句意或中心思想的詞組。例：某一文章的中心局為：Coffee is a universal beverage that is served in different waysaround the world.此句的話題為“Coffee”,控制性概念為“is a universal beverage that is served in different ways aroundthe world”因此，標題為：Coffee Around the World。
【典例6】“Have you ever been out on a boat and felt itlifted up by a wave? Or have you jumped in the water and felt the rush ofenergy as waves came over you?”asked Jamie Taylor of the Wave Energy Group atthe University of Edinburgh. “There is certainly a lot of energy in waves,” hesaid.
Q :The writer uses the two questions at the beginning of the passage to ___.
A. show the importance of waves
B. draw the readers’ attention to the topic
C. show Jamie Taylor’s importance
D. invite the readers to answer them
【分析】B?？疾橹髦寂袛唷Ｗ髡咴陂_頭提出問題讓讀者思考或是簡單介紹與主題有關的其它事物，目的往往是為了引出主題，故答案選B。
【點撥】依據(jù)主題，辨清寫作目的。
【題型解密】每篇文章都有一個特定的寫作目的，或是向讀者傳遞一個信息，或是娛樂讀者，或是講授某個道理。而這些信息通常并不比明確表達出來，而是隱含在文章之中，因此這類試題要求考生在理解文章總體內容地基礎上領會作者的意圖。寫作目的通常有三種：1.娛樂讀者。2.說服讀者接受某種觀點。3.告知讀者某些信息。
【典例7】 We think of a flood or an earthquake as anatural disaster. To many of nature’s animals, however, the greatest disasteris the coming of large numbers of humans. When settlers came from the East to America’s greatwestern plains, they killed millions of bison, poisoned the prairie dogs andshot the coyotes. All this upset the area’s balance of nature. For the animals,it was worse than a flood or an earthquake.
Q :Which of the following is the best title for the passage?
A. Natural Balance Itself
B. Floods and Earthquakes
C. American Settlers
D. Humans --- a Disaster to Nature
【分析】D?？疾橹髦寂袛?。根據(jù)文中的首句，我們很容易認為A或B是準確的。但是。 文章真正的主題句是出現(xiàn)在however之后，即“the greatest disaster is the coming oflarge numbers of humans”。文章通過將人類的遷徙行為產生的后果與自然災害相比，推斷出人類才是真正破壞自然界的最大災難。A，B和C項是反襯著個主題的細節(jié)信息，不能全面反映這篇文章的主題。
【點撥】掌握選項特點，選取最佳選項。
【題型解密】在做閱讀理解題時，可利用排除法解題：首先排除最不可能的選項，再憑借對材料的理解來對剩余的選項進行篩選。這就需要我們了解準確選項和干擾選項的特點。
1. 正確選項的特點。
四個選項中，內容相近或完全相反的兩個選項中往往有一個是正確答案。那些概括全文，內容全面，含意深刻，說明道理的選項通常是正確答案。
2. 錯誤選項的特點。
（1）以偏賅全，只是局部信息，或是一句沒有展開論述的話。
（2）概括范圍太寬，文章內容過于一般化，包含的內容超出或少于文章闡述的內容。
（3）無關信息，即在文章中找不到依據(jù)的信息。
【題型2】細節(jié)題：理解了具體的事實和細節(jié)后，有助于更好的明確主題。
【典例1】When I was achild, I often dreamed the time when I could leave home and escape to the city.We lived on a farm, in the winter especially, we were quite cut off from theoutside world. As soon as I left school, I packed my bags and moved to thecapital. However, I soon discovered that city life has its problems too.
Is life betterthen, in the city? Perhaps it is, when you are in your teens or twenties.However, as you get older, and especially if you have small children, the peaceof the countryside may seem preferable. I certainly hope to move back theresoon.
1. Whatwas the writer always thinking about when he was a child?
A. Staying on thefarm B. Moving tothe countryside
C. Leaving homefor the city D. Runningaway from the school
2. Which of thefollowing is true about the writer?
A. He is very old now. B. He is in good condition.
C. He prefers driving a car. D. He lives in the city now.
【分析】1. C。 考查細節(jié)。根據(jù)文中第一段中第一句話I often dreamedthe time when I could leave home and escape to the city可知，作者小時候經常夢想將來離開家鄉(xiāng)去城市。題干中的thinkabout與這句話中的dreamof具有相似的意義。
2. D。考查細節(jié)。根據(jù)文中第后一段中的最后一句話I certainly hope to move back there soon可知，句中there則指上句中的the countryside。而其它三項均與該題無關聯(lián)。
【點撥】語義轉換，斷章取義找細節(jié)。
【題型解密】斷章取義找細節(jié)。在高考題中，細節(jié)理解測試題已由過去簡單的對號入座直接答題轉向通過語句的同義或反義轉換來考查考生對英語語言的理解能力。解答這類題可用“斷章取義法”，即帶著問題有針對性地掃讀短文，鎖定相關詞句，然后尋找相關的同義或反義表述。
【典例2】El Nino is thought to occur due to changes inthe normal patterns of trade wind circulation. Normally, these winds movewestward, carrying warm surface water to Indonesiaand Australiaand allowing cooler water to rise along the South American coast. For reasonsnot yet fully understood, these trade winds can sometimes be reduced, or evenreversed. This moves warmer water toward the coast of South America and raises water temperatures. Water causes heat to risefrom the ocean off Ecuadorand Peru,resulting in more storms and heavy rain full over these normally dry countries.
Q:According to the text, which of the following pictures shows the right El Nino?
Warm water Warm water Warm water Cold water
Cold water Cold water Cold water Warm water
120o E 80oW 120o E 80oW 120o E 80oW 120o E 80oW
A B C D
【分析】B。 考查細節(jié)。這是一道典型的圖文轉換題。根據(jù)圖中空氣的運動方向和海水的流動方向（自西向東）可判斷出B項為正確答案。
【點撥】圖文轉換，按文索圖找細節(jié)。
【題型解密】按文索圖找細節(jié)。圖文轉換類的題，即根據(jù)短文描寫確定相應圖形，或根據(jù)圖形選出相應的文字答案。此類題刻采用“文字鎖定法”解題，即找出描繪圖形的句段，按“文”索“圖”，這樣，便可迅速地鎖定對應圖形。
【典例3】After the summer Olympics are over, when all theathletes and viewers have gone home and the television audience has switchedoff, another group of athletes and fans will arrive at the host city, andanother competition will begin. These are the Paralympics, the games forathletes with a disability. But in Beijing,for the first time, one of the greatest parlaympians will not be taking part.
She is aBritish athlete by the name of Tanni Grey-Thompson. Born with spina bifida(脊椎裂) which lefther paralysed from the waist down, Tanni used a wheelchair from the age of 7.At first, she was not keen on sport, apart from horse-riding, which gave her asense of freedom. But in her teens, she started taking sports more seriously.She tried swimming, basketball and tennis. Eventually she found athletics, andnever looked back.
Indeed, Tanni’sathletic career took off. In 1984, when she was 15, she pulled off a surprisevictory in the 100 metres at the Junior National Wheelchair Games. In 1988,Tanni went to her first Paralympic Games in Seoul. She won bronze in the 400 metres. Evengreater success followed at the 1992 Barcelona Paralympics. Tanni won gold inthe 100,200,400 and 800 metres relay, setting two worls records in the process.In the same year she achieved the first of her six London Wheelchair Marathonvictories.
Tanni retired finally after the VisaParalympic World Cup in 2007. Her wish is to coach young athgletes for Beijing2008 Olympic Games.
Q :What’s the right order of the events related to Tanni?
a.She works as a coach.
b.She took up athletics.
c.She won four medals in Barcelona.
d.She competed in her first Paralympic Games.
e.She achieved a victory in her first London Wheelchair Marathon.
A. b,d,c,e,a B. a,d,b,c,e C.a,d,c,e,b D. b,d,a,e,c
【分析】A 考查細節(jié)。根據(jù)第一段和第二段可知，“b. She took up athletics”應排在第一位，根據(jù)第三段可知，“a. She works as a coach.”應排在最后一位，然后再根據(jù)第三段內容便知“d. She competedin her first Paralympic Games.”應排在第二位，這樣就把答案找出來了。
【點撥】先后排序，首尾定位找細節(jié)。
【題型解密】首尾定位找細節(jié)。這種題型要求考生根據(jù)動作發(fā)生的先后順序和句子之間的邏輯關系，確定事件發(fā)生的正確順序?？刹捎?ldquo;首尾定位法”，即先找出第一個動作和最后一個動作，迅速縮小選擇范圍，從而快速選出正確答案。
【典例4】Rrion Books, which decided there is a market increating cut-down classics, is slimming down some novels by such great writersas L. Tolstry, M. Mitchell and C. Bronte. Now, each of them has been whittleddown to about 400pages by cutting 30 to 40 per cent of the original, withwords, sentences, paragraphs and, in a few cases, chapters removed. The firstsix shortened editions, all priced at $ 6.99 and advertised as great reads “inhalf the time”, will go on sale next month, with plans for 50 to 100 more tofollow. The publishing house believes that modern readers will welcome theshorter versions.
Q :According to the message, Orion Books _____.
A. opposes the reading of originalclassics B. is embarrassed forcutting down classics
C. thinks cut-down classics have a brightfuture D. is cautious in itsdecision to cut down classics
【分析】C。 考查細節(jié)。根據(jù)第一句there is a market in creating cut-downclassics確定，C項正確。
【點撥】尋找信息點，題干定位找細節(jié)。
【題型解密】題干定位找細節(jié)?？焖賹ふ倚畔Ⅻc一般為功能型閱讀題，主要形式有廣告，公告，演出信息，航班時間表等。做這類題時，沒有必要閱讀全文，宜采用“題干定位法”解題。
【題型3】推理判斷題：推理判斷題是閱讀理解題中難度較大，題量也較大的一類題型。其與其它題型相比，這類題的答案通常不能從原文中直接找到，而要經過分析，推理，判斷才能獲得。其往往要求考生能過通過表面的文字敘述“讀出”隱藏在字里行間的深層含義。
但提問句中常含suggest, imply, infer, appear,conclude等詞。
【典例1】The idea offighting a noise by making more noise sounds strange, but that’s exactly whatmotor engineers are doing in Germany and some other countries.
Carmarkers’ research and developmentlaboratories have already proved that mixing in more noise with the help ofloud speakers can reduce the unwanted noise.
Physicists’have known about the technique for a long time. Sound is made up of pressurewaves in the air. If two sound waves of the same frequency mix so that thehighest point of one wave happens at the same time with the lowest point of onewave, the result is no sound, therefore, by producing a perfect copy of thenoise and delaying it by half a wave cycle, we can kill the unwanted noise.Using this technique many carmakers are racing to develop noise-killing systemsboth inside and outside the cars.
Anothergood thing about the noise-killing system is that it saves the need for asilencer, which not only reduces the weight of a car, but also makes the motorburn less oil and work better.
Someengineers believe that the noise-killing system will be used in most cars in2009, but the carmakers haven’t decidedif they will put it into production because it would add several hundreddollars to the cost of their cars.
1.Whichof the following gives a general idea of how the noise-killing system works?
A. By producingpressure waves going in the opposite direction.
B. By mixinghigh frequency sound waves with low frequency sound waves.
C. By makingcopies of the unwanted sound waves and letting them out a little late.
D. By mixing new sound waves with the noiseand sending them out together.
2. Besides its mainfunction, the noise-killing system can ____?
A. make a car lighter B. make a car quieter
C. reduce the cost of a silencer D. improve the performance of a silencer
【分析】1. C。 考查推理判斷。這篇文章談的是消除噪音的方法，有一定的難度。根據(jù)四個選項分析短文中相應的內容可知，文章沒有談到消音時聲波的方向問題，故可排除A項；文中明確提到這種原理的基本點是頻率相同的聲波，故也可以排除B項；文中確實談到“mixing in more noise with the help of loudspeakers can reduce the unwanted noise”，但沒有談兩者噪音混合后再同時放出來，所以D項也不對；最后看一下C項，它的意思是：復制待消除的噪音然后將其比原噪音稍晚一點放出。再根據(jù)文章第三段“by producing a perfect copy of the noiseand delaying it by half a wave cycle, we can kill the unwanted noise.”可知，C項是正確答案。
2. A。考查推理判斷。第四段中的“reduces the weight of a car, but also makesthe motor burn less oil and work better”分析判斷，A項正確。
【點撥】善用定性分析，巧斷事物屬性。
【題型解密】善用定性分析，巧斷事物屬性來進行推理判斷。在高考題中，定性分析作為一種判斷性分析，這是由語言的描述性功能所決定的。所謂定性分析就是針對某一特定內容作出判斷分析，用最能說明這一特定內容本質特點的詞語加以表達，而這些詞語又不能是短文中的原話。
【典例2】 Do you always understand the directions on abottle of medicine? Do you know what is meant by “Take only as directed”? Readthe following directions and see if you understand them.
“To reducepain, take two tablets with water, followed by one tablet every eight hours, asrequired. For night time and early morning relief take two tablets at bedtime. Do not take morethan six tablets in twenty-four hours.
For childrensix to twelve years old, give half the amount. For children under six yearsold, ask your doctor’s advice.
Reduce theamount if you suffer from restlessness or sleeplessness after taking themedicine”
1.Howmany tablets at most can a person over 12 have in 24 hours?
A. Three B. Four C. Six D. Eight
2. How manytablets should a nine-year-old child normally take in 24 hours?
A. Half a tablet B. One tablet
C. Two tablets D. Four tablets
【分析】1. C。 考查推理判斷。第二段是針對成人的藥物用量，由此推斷：6片時24小時內所能服用的最大劑量，故答案選C項。
2. C。考查推理判斷。成人首量為2片，隨后每8小時服1片，即正常情況（24小時內）成人服4 片；6-12歲兒童服用此藥時，劑量應減半。至于為緩解疼痛成人所服的2片，并非屬于正常范圍。
【點撥】擅用定量分析，解答數(shù)量計算。
【題型解密】擅用定量分析，解答數(shù)量計算來進行推理判斷。在高考閱讀題中，考生經常遇到數(shù)量問題就需要定量分析法了。定量分析在科學測量和實驗中得到了廣泛的應用，但在閱讀理解題中主要用于科技短文等說明文的閱讀。
【典例3】 We walked in so quietly that the nurse at thedesk didn’t even lift her eyes from the book. Mum pointed at a big chair by thedoor and I knew she wanted me to sit down. While I watched, mouth open insurprise, mum took off her hat and coal and gave them to me to hold. She walkedquietly to the small room by the lift and took out a mop. She pushed the moppast the desk and as the nurse looked up, mum nodded and said,” Very dirtyfloors.”
“Yes, I am gladthey’ve finally decided to clean them.”The nurse answered. She looked at mumstrangely and said,” But aren’t you working late?”
Mum just pushedharder, each wipe of the mop taking her farther and farther down the hall. Iwaited until she was out of sight and the nurse had turned back to writing inthe big book.
After a longtime mum came back. Her eyes were shining. She quickly put the mop back andtook my hand. As we turned to go out of the door, mum bowed politely to thenurse and said ,”Thank you.”
Outside, mumtold me, “Dagmar is fine. No fever.”
“You saw her,mum?”
“Of course. Itold her about the hospital rules, and she will not expect us until tomorrow.Dad will stop worrying as well. It’s a fine hospital. But such floors. A mop isno good. You need a brush. ”
1.Whenthe nurse talked to mum, she thought mum was a ___.
A. nurse B. visitor C. patient D. cleaner
2. After readingthe story what can we infer about the hospital?
A. It is children’s. B. It has strict rulesabout visiting hours.
C. The conditions here aren’t very good. D. The nurse and doctor there don’t workhard.
3.From the text we know that Dagmar is most likely _____.
A. the story-teller’s sister B. mum’s friend
C. the story-teller’s classmate D. Dad’s boss
【分析】1. D。 考查推理判斷。根據(jù)短文中護士的話“But aren’t you working late”可知，她把媽媽當成了清潔工，由此判斷，D項正確。
2. B。考查歸納推理。可用典型事例歸納法解題。分析全文：探視病人的時間已經過去，值班必備個人不再接待病人家屬，也不會再讓任何探視者入內媽媽大概知道醫(yī)院規(guī)定嚴，無法通融，才會想出冒充清潔工入內這一主意。然后，比較分析幾個選項不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，除了B項以外，其他幾個選項都缺乏論據(jù)支持，由此判斷，B項正確。
3. A?？疾橥评砼袛?。將住院者Dagmar可能的四種身份加以分析和比較，能使敘述者即敘述者的母親非常掛念，想方設法進去探視的人應該跟他們關系非常密切，由此判斷，A項正確。
【點撥】巧妙利用演繹推理與歸納推理。
【題型解密】巧妙利用演繹推理與歸納推理。人類認識是一個有特殊到一般又由一般到特殊的無限反復的發(fā)展過程。根據(jù)人類認識的這一特點，邏輯學上一般把推理分為兩大類：從特殊性的前提概括出一般性結論的推理就做歸納推理；從一般性前提到特殊性的結論的推理就叫演繹推理，在做閱讀理解題時，主要用演繹推理，有時也用歸納推理。
【典例4】Do you know of anyone who uses the truth todeceive? When someone tells you something that is true, but leaves outimportant information that should be included, he can give you a false picture.
For example,some might say,” I just won a hundred dollars on the lottery. It was great. Itook that dollar ticket back to the store and turned it in for one hundreddollars!”
This guy was awinner, right ? Maybe not. We then did cover that he bought $200 worth oftickets, and only one was a winner. He’s really a big loser!
He didn’t sayanything that was false, but he left out important information on purpose.That’s called a half-truth. Half-truths are not technically lies, but they arejust as did honest.
Q:We may infer that the author believes people should _____.
A. buy lottery tickets B. make use of half-truths
C. not take anything at face value D. not trust the Yucky Company
【分析】C。 考查推理判斷。根據(jù)短文中 “He didn’t say anything that was false, but heleft out important information on purpose.”中的left out和on purpose所帶有的感情色彩可知，作者認為人們雖然有時沒有撒謊，可是卻故意漏掉重要的信息，所以，我們看問題時，不應只看表面現(xiàn)象。由此判斷，C項正確。
【點撥】利用詞匯感情色彩，推斷作者情感態(tài)度。
【題型解密】利用詞匯感情色彩，推斷作者情感態(tài)度。每一篇文章都包含有作者的某種觀點或態(tài)度，只不過有的是直截了當，有的含而不露，只有通過所用詞匯的褒貶來體現(xiàn)。此類題可細分為作者態(tài)度題（表明作者的好惡）和作者觀點題（表明作者對某事物的觀點）。準確把握作者的情感和態(tài)度需要注意以下幾點：
1. 作者對某一事物要么支持，要么反對，帶中立色彩的詞最不可能是正確答案。
2. “漠不關心類”詞語一定不對，既然寫文章就不會“不關心”。
3. 要區(qū)分開作者的態(tài)度和作者引用的別人的態(tài)度。
4. 作者觀點一般與文中主旨相關聯(lián)。
5. 當作者的態(tài)度沒有明確提出時，要學會根據(jù)作者所使用的詞語的褒貶性進行判斷。
6. 一般情況下，帶有表示絕對化或過于強烈感情的詞的選項必錯。如strong,complete, entire, enthusiastic等。
7. 持有保留態(tài)度的選項常常是正確答案。
【題型4】 詞義猜測題：在閱讀理解題中，一般允許有適當?shù)纳~出現(xiàn)，因此根據(jù)上下文的構成來判斷其含義是解題的根本途徑。
【典例1】 “Our parties are aimed for children 2 –10,”Anaclerio said,“ and they are very interactive and creative in thatthey built a sense of drama based on a subject.”
Q:What does the underlined word “interactive” mostly probably mean?
A.Attractive B. Aboutencouragement of each other
C. Forceful D. Interesting
【分析】B。 考查猜詞意。文中interactive是由inter-（相互的）和形容詞active（活動的）構成的，同時根據(jù)上下文的意思判斷，蓋茨的含義應是“互動的”，由此分析，B項是正確答案。
【點撥】根據(jù)構詞法（轉化，合成，派生）進行判斷。
【題型解密】根據(jù)構詞法（轉化，合成，派生）進行判斷。在英語中，有很多詞可以在其前面加前綴或在其后面加后綴來構成另一個詞。需要掌握相應的構詞規(guī)則和靈活應用才能實現(xiàn)準確猜測詞義。
【典例2】 New houses, large schools, modern factories,more horse and sheep---- everywhere we saw signs of prosperity.
Q:What does the underlined word “prosperity” mostly probably mean?
A. Rapiddevelopment B. Continuousconstruction
C. Beautiful secenery D. Strong movement
【分析】A。 考查猜詞意。由文中的破折號前的內容可知，prosperity應是“繁榮”的意思，由此判斷，A項是正確答案。
【點撥】上下文解釋作出判斷。
【題型解密】根據(jù)上下文解釋作出判斷。在英語中，有時短文中出現(xiàn)一個需猜測其意義的詞或短語，下面接著出現(xiàn)其定義域或解釋，這就是判斷該詞或短語意義的主要依據(jù)。
【典例3】 In 1901, H, G. Wells, an English writer, wrotea book describing a trip to the moon. When the explores landed on the moon,they did cover that the moon was full of underground cities. They expressedtheir surprise to the “moon people” theymet. In turn, the “moon people” expressed their surprise.“Why,” they asked,“are you traveling to power space when you don’t even use your inner space?”
H.G. Wellscould only imagine traveling to the moon. In 1969, human beings really did landon the moon. People today know that there are no underground cities on themoon. However, the question that the “moon people” asked is still aninteresting one. A growing number of scientists are seriously thinking about it.
Q:What does the underlined word “it” refer to?
A. Discoveringthe moon’s inner space B.Using the earth’s inner space
C. Meeting the“moon people again” D.Traveling to outer space
【分析】B。 考查猜詞意。文中it指上句中的the question, 而the question又指上一段中“月球人”所提的問題，所以經過兩次查找可確定答案為B。
【點撥】上下文的指代關系進行判斷。
【題型解密】根據(jù)上下文的指代關系作出判斷。文章中的代詞it, that, he, 或him，them等可以只上文提到過的人或物，其中it和that還可以指一件事。有時代詞與其指代的對象像個較遠；有時需要對前面提到過的內容進行總結，才能得出代詞所指代的事。
【典例4】 Written language tends to be static,while spoken language constantly changes.
Q:According to the author, what does the underlined word “static” mean?
A.unchangeable B. inactive C.respective D. widespread
【分析】A。 考查猜詞意。由句中轉折連詞while可知，“tends to be static”與 “changes”在意義上形成對比，從而得出static意為“停滯的”，故答案為A。
【點撥】轉折或對比關系進行判斷。
【題型解密】根據(jù)轉折和對比關系作出判斷。文中根據(jù)上下句的連接詞，如but,however, otherwise等就可以看到前后句在意義上的差別，從而依據(jù)某一句的含義來確定另一句的含義。另外，分號（；）也可以表示轉折，對比或不相干的意義。
【典例5】 There were so many demonstrators in the RedSquare that he had to elbow his way through the crowd.
Q:The underlined word “elbow”can be replaced by ____.
A. lose B. hide C.make D. push
【分析】D。 考查猜詞意。根據(jù)“有許多示威者”可知，便可推斷，elbow的詞義為“用肘擠，用肘推”，故答案為D。
【點撥】因果關系進行判斷。
【題型解密】根據(jù)因果關系作出判斷。文中根據(jù)上下句的因果關系，即有因必有果，有果必有因進行詞義推斷是一項重要的猜詞義的方式之一。
【典例6】 And if you’ve gathered your friends around you to rebuild a happy family atmosphere,you may fear that saying no will bring back the kind of conflict yougrew up with ---- or destroy the nice atmosphere you now enjoy.
Q:The underlined word “conflict” means ____.
A. dependentlife B. fierce fight C.bad manners D. painful feeling
【分析】B。 考查猜詞意。根據(jù)破折號后面的or暗示出前后兩句句意相近，由此推斷conflict意為“沖突”，故答案為B。
【點撥】同位關系進行判斷。
【題型解密】根據(jù)同位關系作出判斷。文中有時出現(xiàn)新詞，難詞，這時候就跟著一個同位語，對前面的詞進行解釋，有時這種解釋也可用連“or”連接。
【典例7】 Anyonechoosing to take up this free service will receive a recorded message directlyto their home, business or pager telling them of the level of warning, givingthem as much time as possible to carry out their flood plan and save items thatcannot be replaced if lost or damaged, such as photographs or children’sfavourite toys.
Q:What does the underlined word “pager”means in the passage?
A. A boy employedto carry luggage in hotels.
B. A piece of equipment designed to receiveand show messages.
C.A page of pagers written to off messages.
D. A person invited to write pages ofmessages.
【分析】B。 考查猜詞意。文中由于pager與their home, business并列，因此推斷它應該是表示地方或處所或屬性或范疇的名詞。根據(jù)上下文斷定，pager應是“接受警告信號的地方或設備”，故答案為B。
【點撥】利用舉例進行判斷。
【題型解密】根據(jù)舉例關系作出判斷。常規(guī)來說，從具體到一般，依據(jù)文中所列舉的例子便可猜出生詞的意思。
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