1、 as…as…結(jié)構(gòu)：你和湯姆是一樣好的孩子。
You’re a boy as good as Tom.=You’re as good a boy as Tom.
2、 (1)too…to與 so…that sb. can’t…的句型轉(zhuǎn)換：前者為簡(jiǎn)單句，主語只有一個(gè)，而后者為復(fù)合句，主語有兩個(gè)，試比較：
The man was too angry to be able to speak.
The man was so angry that he wasn’t able to speak.
(2) too…to…與 not enough to句型的轉(zhuǎn)換：
He is too young to get married.=He is not old enough to get married.
The book is too difficult for me to read.=
The book is not easy enough for me to read.
3、 形容詞原級(jí)表示比較級(jí)含義：
約翰不象邁克那么苯。
John is not so stupid as Mike.
John is less stupid than Mike.
John is cleverer than Mike.
4、 用比較級(jí)表示最高級(jí)：約翰是班里最高的男生。
John is taller than any other boy in the class.
John is the tallest boy in the class.
5、 the more….. the more….表示“越……越……”:
The more books you read, the wider your knowledge is.
The more food you eat, the fatter you are.
6、 more and more….表示“越來……越……”:
More and more students realized the importance of a foreign language.
Our country is getting stronger and stronger.
1. after, in 這兩個(gè)介詞都可以表示“……(時(shí)間)以后”的意思
after 以過去為起點(diǎn),表示過去一段時(shí)間之后,常用于過去時(shí)態(tài)的句子中?
如:She went after three days. 她是三天以后走的
in 以現(xiàn)在為起點(diǎn),表將來一段時(shí)間以后,常用于將來時(shí)態(tài)的句子中
如:She will go in three days. 她三天以后要走
2. how long, how often, how soon
how long指多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間,主要用來對(duì)一段時(shí)間(如three days, four weeks 等)提問?如:How long ago was it? 這是多久前的事了?
how often指每隔多久,主要用來對(duì)頻率副詞或狀語(如once a week等)提問?如:—How often does he come here? —Once a month. 他(每隔)多久來一次?每月一次。
how soon指再過多久,主要用來對(duì)表示將來的一段時(shí)間(in an hour, in two weeks 等)提問?如:How soon can you come? 你多快能趕來?
3. few, a few, little, a little, several, some
few 和little的意思是否定的,表示“很少”或“幾乎沒有”;而a few和a little的意思是肯定的,表示“有一些,有一點(diǎn)兒”
few 和 a few修飾可數(shù)名詞;little 和 a little 修飾不可數(shù)名詞
several用于修飾可數(shù)名詞,語意比a few和some更肯定,含有“好幾個(gè)”的意思
some可修飾可數(shù)名詞,也可修飾不可數(shù)名詞,從數(shù)量上說,它有時(shí)相當(dāng)于a few 或 a little,有時(shí)指更多一些的數(shù)量
4. the other, another
the other 指兩個(gè)人或事物中的“另一個(gè)”,表示特指?如:We stood on one side of the road and they stood on the other. 我們站在街這邊,他們站在那邊
another著重于不定數(shù)目中的“另外一個(gè)”,表示泛指,所以常用來指至少三個(gè)中的一個(gè)?如:She has taken another of my books. 她已經(jīng)拿了我的另外一本書
5. spend, take, cost, pay
spend的賓語通常是時(shí)間?金錢?在主動(dòng)語態(tài)中,句子的主語必須是人,而且后面不能用動(dòng)詞不定式做它的賓語?如:She spent the whole evening in reading. 她把整個(gè)晚上用來讀書
take常常用來指“花費(fèi)”時(shí)間,句子的主語通常是表示事物的詞語?如:How long will this job take you?你做這項(xiàng)工作要花多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間?
cost 指花費(fèi)時(shí)間?金錢或力氣等,只能用表示事物的詞做主語,并且不能用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)?如:How much does the jacket cost?這件夾克多少錢?
pay 主要指主語(某人)買某物(或?yàn)槟呈?付多少錢(給某人)?如:I pay for my rooms by month. 我按月支付租金
6. among, between
between 的意思是“在……中間,在……之間”,一般指在兩者之間?如:There is a table between two windows. 在兩扇窗戶之間有一張桌子。between 有時(shí)也表示在多于兩個(gè)以上的事物之間,但那是指在每二者之間。如:the relationship between different provinces and municiplities 省市和省市之間的關(guān)系(這里是指每?jī)蓚€(gè)省市之間的相互關(guān)系?)
7. beat, win
這兩個(gè)詞都有“獲勝,打敗”的意思,但其后賓語不同?beat是“打敗,優(yōu)于”的意思,后面接人或隊(duì)?如:We beat them. 我們打敗了他們。
win指“贏,獲勝”,后面接比賽?名次?如:We won the match/game/race/the first place. 我們贏了這場(chǎng)比賽(獲得了第一名)。
8. agree with, agree on, agree to
agree on表示“就……取得一致意見”?如:We all agree on (making) an early start. 我們一致同意及早出發(fā)?
agree with表示“與……意見一致”,后面既可以跟表示人的名詞或人稱代詞,也可以跟表示意見。看法的名詞或what引導(dǎo)的從句?。如:I agree with you without reservation.我毫無保留地同意你的意見。We agree with what you said just now.我們同意你剛才所說的意見。
agree to后面不能接人,只能接“提議,計(jì)劃,方案”等詞句?如:I agree to the terms proposed. 我同意擬議的條件。
9. bring, take, carry,fetch
這四個(gè)詞都是動(dòng)詞,都含有“帶”或“拿”的意思,但使用的場(chǎng)合各不相同。
bring作“帶來,拿來”解?如:Next time don’t forget to bring me a copy of your work. 下次不要忘了把一份你的作品帶給我。
take是bring的對(duì)語,作“帶去,拿去”解?如:Take the box away, please. 請(qǐng)把盒子拿走。
carry表示“運(yùn)載,攜帶”之意,運(yùn)送的方式很多,可以用車、船,也可以用手甚至用頭。如:This bus is licensed to carry 100 passengers. 這輛巴士準(zhǔn)載一百人。
fetch則表示“去拿來”的意思。如:Please fetch me the documents in that room. 請(qǐng)到那間房間去把文件拿來給我。
10. each, every
兩詞都是“每個(gè)”的意思,但著重點(diǎn)不同。each著重個(gè)別的情況,every著重全體,有“所有的”的意思。如:She knows each student of the class.她認(rèn)識(shí)這個(gè)班里的每一個(gè)學(xué)生。She knows every student of the class.她認(rèn)識(shí)這個(gè)班所有的學(xué)生。
11. no one, none
no one指“沒有人(只能指人,不能用來指物)”,意思與nobody相同,作主語時(shí)不必跟of連用,如:No one believes him since he is not honest. 沒有人相信他,因?yàn)樗徽\(chéng)實(shí)。No one else but I went. 除我以外,誰也沒去。
none指“一個(gè)也沒有(既可指人,也可指物)”,作主語時(shí)代替不可數(shù)名詞,謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式;代替可數(shù)名詞,謂語動(dòng)詞用單、復(fù)數(shù)都可以。但在“主+系+表”結(jié)構(gòu)中,如果表語為復(fù)數(shù),則系動(dòng)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:None of us are(is) afraid of difficulties. 我們誰也不怕困難。
12. go on doing, go on to do, go on with
這三個(gè)動(dòng)詞短語都有“繼續(xù)做某事”的意思,其區(qū)別如下:go on doing表示“繼續(xù)做,一直在做某事(中間無間斷)”;go on to do表示“接著做某事”,即某事已做完,接著做另一件事;go on with也表示“繼續(xù)做某事”,其含義是某一動(dòng)作一度中止后,又繼續(xù)下去。
13. too much, much too
二者都有“太,非常”之意,much too為副詞詞組,修飾形容詞?副詞,不可修飾動(dòng)詞。如:It’s much too cold.天氣實(shí)在是太冷了。
too much作“太多”講,有以下三種用法?
(1)作名詞詞組 如:You have given us too much. 你給我們的太多了。
(2)作形容詞詞組修飾不可數(shù)名詞 如:Don’t drink too
much wine. 不要飲太多的酒
(3)作副詞詞組修飾不及物動(dòng)詞 如:She talks too much. 她說話太多
14. happen, take place與occur
happen有“偶然”的意思,多用于客觀事物?情況的發(fā)生?。如:Whatever has happened to your arm? It’s all swollen. 你的手臂怎么了?腫得好歷害！
occur 指有計(jì)劃地使某些事“發(fā)生”，有時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)“呈現(xiàn)”于人的知覺中。如:Did it occur to you to phone them about it?你難道沒想到就這事給他們打個(gè)電話?
事件作主語時(shí),happen和occur可以通用?如:The accident happened/occurred yesterday. 事故是昨天發(fā)生的。
take place 指事件發(fā)生,但常用來表示“舉行”的意思,帶有非偶然性?例如:The meeting took place last night.會(huì)議昨晚舉行。
15. in front of, in the front of
in front of的意思是“在……前面”。如:There is a tree in front of the house.房子前面有一棵樹。
in the front of的意思是“在……前部”,指在某個(gè)空間范圍內(nèi)的前面。如:There is a blackboard in the front of the classroom. 教室里前部有一塊黑板
16. noise, voice, sound
這三個(gè)詞都作“聲音”解,在表示“聽到聲音”這個(gè)意思時(shí),三者可以通用，但它們又各有特定的含義。
sound 作“聲音”解,含義最廣,指可以聽到的任何聲音,如:a weak sound 微弱的聲
noise作“噪音,嘈雜聲,吵鬧聲”解,指不悅耳,不和諧的聲音，它既可作可數(shù)名詞,也可作不可數(shù)名詞。如:Another kind of pollution is noise. 另外一種污染是噪音。
voice 作“聲音”解時(shí),多指人發(fā)出的聲音,包括說話聲、歌聲和笑聲。如:He shouted at the top of voice. 他高聲呼喊。有時(shí)也用于引申意義,作“意見、發(fā)言權(quán)”解。如:I have no voice in the matter. 對(duì)于這件事,我沒有發(fā)言權(quán)。
17. arrive, get, reach
三者均可表示“到達(dá)”,arrive后通常接介詞at(一般用于較小的地方)或 in(一般用于較大的地方)?如:We arrived at the station five minutes late. 我們晚了5分鐘到車站?又如:They will arrive in Paris next Monday. 他們將于下周星期一到達(dá)巴黎?
get之后通常接介詞to。如:When we got to the park, it began to rain. 我們到達(dá)公園時(shí),就開始下雨了。
reach是及物動(dòng)詞(較 get更正式),其后可直接跟地點(diǎn)名詞做賓語(不能用介詞)。如:He reached Beijing yesterday. 他昨天到達(dá)北京。
1.考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示“推測(cè)”的用法
[考點(diǎn)快憶] 表示肯定推測(cè)的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有：must“一定；準(zhǔn)是”，may“也許；可能”，might“或許”；表示否定推測(cè)的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有：can't“不可能”， couldn't“不會(huì)”，may not“也許不”，might not“或許不”；can表示推測(cè)時(shí)不用于肯定句，may表示推測(cè)時(shí)不用于疑問句。
2.考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞引起的一般疑問句的答語
[考點(diǎn)快憶] 回答must時(shí)，肯定答語用must,否定答語用needn't或don't have to?；卮餹eed時(shí)，肯定答語用must,否定答語用needn't?；卮餸ay時(shí)，肯定答語用may，否定答語用mustn't 或can't。
3.考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的意義
[考點(diǎn)快憶] must “必須”；have to“不得不”；need “必須；需要”；can(could)“能；可能”；may (might) “可以；可能”；shall，will (would)“將；會(huì)；愿意；要”；should“應(yīng)當(dāng)”。
“had better (not) + 動(dòng)詞原形”表示建議；have to / has to ／ had to的否定，疑問形式要借助于助動(dòng)詞do ／ does ／ did。
There be是一個(gè)“存在”句型，表示“有”的意思，
肯定句的形式為：There be + 名詞（單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)）+地點(diǎn)狀語或時(shí)間狀語。
be動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)的確定，看be后邊第一個(gè)名詞，當(dāng)所接主語為單數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)，be動(dòng)詞形式為is；當(dāng)所接主語為復(fù)數(shù)名詞時(shí)，be動(dòng)詞為are；當(dāng)be動(dòng)詞后接兩個(gè)以上主語時(shí)，be動(dòng)詞與最臨近主語保持?jǐn)?shù)上的一致。意思為“某地有某人或某物”。如：
There is an eraser and two pens on the desk. 桌子上有一塊橡皮和兩支鋼筆。
There are two pens and an eraser on the desk. 桌上有兩支鋼筆和一塊橡皮。
（1）there be的否定句，即在be的后面加上not。
否定形式為：There be + not + （any） + 名詞+地點(diǎn)狀語。
There is not any cat in the room. 房間里沒貓。
There aren't any books on the desk. 桌子上沒書。
（2）there be句型的疑問句就是將be提到句首：Be there + （any） +名詞+地點(diǎn)狀語
肯定回答：Yes, there is / are. 否定回答：No, there isn't / aren't.
-Is there a dog in the picture?畫上有一只狗嗎
-Yes, there is. 有。
-Are there any boats in the river?河里有船嗎
-No, there aren't. 沒有。
（3）特殊疑問句：How many . . . are there （+地點(diǎn)狀語）
某地有多少人或物回答用There be . . .
There's one. / There are two / three / some . . .
有時(shí)直接就用數(shù)字來回答。One. / Two . . .
-How many students are there in the classroom?教室里有多少學(xué)生
-There's only one. / There are nine. 只有一個(gè)。/有九個(gè)。
（4）如果名詞是不可數(shù)名詞，用：How much + 不可數(shù)名詞 + is there + 地點(diǎn)狀語
How much water is there in the cup?杯中有多少水
1．定語從句的功用和結(jié)構(gòu)
在復(fù)合句中，修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫做定語從句。被定從句修飾的詞叫做先行詞。定語從句必須放在先行詞之后。引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。例如：
This is the present that he gave me for my birthday
2．關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的功用
關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞用來引導(dǎo)定于從句，在先行詞和定語從句之間起紐帶作用，使二者聯(lián)系起來。關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞又在定語從句中充當(dāng)一個(gè)成分。關(guān)系待客做主語，賓語，定語，關(guān)系副詞可作狀語。
1. 作主語：關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時(shí)，從句的謂語動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)須和先行詞一致。例如：
I don’t like people who talk much but do little.
The cars which are produced in Hubei Province sell very well.
2. 作賓語：She is the person that I met at the school gate yesterday.
The book that my grandmother gave me is called “The Great Escape”.
3. 作定語
關(guān)系代詞whose在定語從句中作定語用。例如：
What’s the name of the young man whose sister is a doctor?
The girl whose father is a teacher studies very hard.
4. 作狀語
I’ll never forget the day when I first came to Beijing.
三. 各個(gè)關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的具體用法
1. who 指人，在定語從句中作主語。例如：
The person who broke the window must pay for it.
The boy who is wearing the black jacket is very clever.
2. whom指人，在定語從句中作賓語。例如：
Do you know the young man (whom) we met at the gate？
Mr Lee (whom) you want to see has come.
3. whose 指人，在定語從句中作定語。例如：
The girl whose mother is ill is staying at home today.
I know the boy whose father is a professor.
4. which指物，在定語從中作主語或賓語。例如：
A dictionary is a book which gives the meaning of words.
Here is the book (which) the teacher mentioned yesterday.
5. that多指物，有時(shí)也指人，在定語從句中作主語或賓語。例如：
I’ve read the newspaper that(which) carries the important news.
Who is the person that is reading the newspaper over there?
6. when 指時(shí)間，在定語從句中作狀語。例如：
I’ll never forget the time when we worked on the farm.
He arrived in Beijing on the day when I left.
7. where 指地點(diǎn)，在定語從句中作狀語。例如：
This is the house where we lived last year.
The factory where his father works is in the east of the city.
四. 關(guān)系代詞 whom， which 在定語從句中作介詞賓語時(shí)，可以和介詞一起放于先行詞與定語從句之間，有時(shí)為了關(guān)系緊湊也可以將 whom 與 which 與先行詞緊挨著書寫，而將介詞置于定語從句的后面，如：
That was the room in which we had lived for ten years. = That was the room
which we had lived in for ten years.
五. 具體使用時(shí)還要注意下列問題：
1. 只能使用that,不用which 的情況：
(1) 先行詞是all, few, little, nothing, everything, anything 等不定代詞時(shí)。例如：
All that he said is true.
(2) 先行詞被only, no, any, all,等詞修飾時(shí)。例如：
He is the only foreigner that has been to that place.
(3) 先行詞是序數(shù)詞或被序數(shù)詞修飾的詞。例如：
He was the second (person) that told me the secret.
(4) 先行詞是形容詞最高級(jí)或被形容詞最高級(jí)修飾的詞。
This is the best book (that) I have read this year.
(5) 先行詞既包括人又包括物時(shí)。例如：
He talked about the people and the things he remembered.
2. 只能用which，不用that 的情況：
(1) 在非限制性定語從中。例如：
The meeting was put off, which was exactly what we wanted.
(2) 定語從句由介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)，先行詞是物時(shí)。例如：
The thing about which he is talking is of great importance.
考查的主要形式是單項(xiàng)填空、完型填空、短文填空和完成句子。閱讀理解和書面表達(dá)肯定也要用到定語從句。
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