無論是“理解”還是“表達(dá)”，均需建立在準(zhǔn)確理解句子成分基礎(chǔ)上。一個句子若沒有句子成分的合理架構(gòu)、有序排列，就會雜亂無章，不知所云。所以，學(xué)好語法，應(yīng)從正確劃分句子成分入手。
眾所周知，句子有若干個組成部分，它們分別承擔(dān)著不同的作用，組成句子的各個部分叫作句子成分。英語中的句子成分分為主語(subject)、謂語(predicate)、賓語(object)、表語(predicative)、定語(attribute)、狀語(adverbial)、補(bǔ)語(complement)和同位語(appositive)八種。
一、主語
習(xí)慣于發(fā)號施令，偶爾也會被趕下臺
在句子中，主語是執(zhí)行句子的行為或動作的主體。主語一般位于句子開頭，且不能省略。但在某些特定的句式里，如：疑問句、倒裝句、祈使句、感嘆句等，句子主語也可以“下臺”而位于謂語動詞之后或省略。能夠充當(dāng)主語的主要有名詞(短語)、代詞、數(shù)詞、動名詞(短語)、動詞不定式(短語)和從句等。
1. (2020·新課標(biāo)山東卷)The route went from our school gate to the foot of the South Mountain.(名詞作主語)
2. (2020·全國卷Ⅱ，滿分作文)Taking part in a fruit picking activity on a farm is meaningful and rewarding.(動名詞短語作主語)
3. (2017·全國卷Ⅰ，書面表達(dá)) To start with, what I intend to stress is that we are about to start our next lesson in Classroom 8 of the Teaching Building at 10 a．m. next Friday.(從句作主語)
4. (2019·全國卷Ⅱ書面表達(dá))The competition will begin at 2 pm and last for roughly 3 hours.(名詞作主語)
5. (2019·全國卷Ⅰ書面表達(dá))To let China go to the world and let the world understand China is my first aim.(不定式短語作主語)
6. (2019·江蘇高考書面表達(dá))It seems to me that thetraditional Chinese dress will make the occasion very Chinese and inviting to theBritish students.(代詞it充當(dāng)形式主語，that引導(dǎo)的主語從句作真正的主語)
[名師指津]當(dāng)從句作主語時，為避免頭重腳輕，可用it作形式主語。
二、謂語
堅決服從主語“領(lǐng)導(dǎo)”，執(zhí)行命令雷厲風(fēng)行
謂語用來描述主語的行為動作、狀態(tài)或特征，常位于主語之后。謂語可由動詞和動詞短語、系表結(jié)構(gòu)以及“助動詞/情態(tài)動詞＋實義動詞”充當(dāng)，有時態(tài)、語態(tài)和語氣的變化，同時又受到主語人稱和數(shù)的制約。判斷的依據(jù)是看主語和動詞之間的關(guān)系，如果兩者之間是主動關(guān)系就用主動語態(tài)，如果是被動關(guān)系就用被動語態(tài)。謂語的構(gòu)成如下：
1. (2020·全國卷Ⅱ) I am writing to ask for your guidance on a short play.(實義動詞作謂語)
2. (2019·全國卷Ⅰ書面表達(dá)) I can give a brief introduction of these masterpieces from the perspective of a native speaker of China.(“情態(tài)動詞＋實義動詞”作謂語)
3. (2019·全國卷Ⅰ書面表達(dá)) I am good at English and familiar with Chinese paintings.(系表結(jié)構(gòu)作謂語)
1．簡單謂語：由一個實義動詞或動詞短語構(gòu)成。
(2019·全國卷Ⅰ書面表達(dá))I am studying in London during the summer holiday.
(2019·北京高考書面表達(dá))Great changes have taken place in Tianjin in the last few years.
2．復(fù)合謂語：
(1)由情態(tài)動詞或其他助動詞加動詞原形構(gòu)成；
(2)由系動詞加表語構(gòu)成。
(2019·全國卷Ⅰ書面表達(dá))Through my introduction and efforts I can strengthen the friendship between China and Britain.
(2019·全國卷Ⅱ書面表達(dá))You're an excellent player.
三、賓語
一直受到壓制，有時“翻身農(nóng)奴把歌唱”
賓語表示謂語動作的對象，一般位于及物動詞和介詞的后面，受到主語的限制和制約。賓語一般由名詞(短語)、賓格代詞、數(shù)詞、動名詞(短語)、動詞不定式或賓語從句充當(dāng)，根據(jù)需要也可用it作形式賓語。賓語在被動結(jié)構(gòu)中才會“翻身農(nóng)奴把歌唱”。
1. (2020·新課標(biāo)山東卷) Most of the racers finished the whole course.(名詞作賓語)
2. (2020·全國卷Ⅱ) I'm glad to know that you've come to China to learn kung fu in a school in my hometown.(從句作賓語)
3. (2018·全國卷Ⅰ書面表達(dá)) Don't forget to praise your friend for the delicious foods he offers.(不定式作賓語)
1．雙賓語(間接賓語＋直接賓語)
(2019·浙江6月高考寫作)I want to send you my sincere gratitude for helping with my English learning.(you為間接賓語；my sincere gratitude 為直接賓語)
2．復(fù)合賓語(賓語＋賓語補(bǔ)足語)
(2019·全國卷Ⅱ書面表達(dá))I would like you to give us your guidance and encouragement.(you為賓語；to give us your guidance and encouragement為賓語補(bǔ)足語)
四、表語
最會察言觀色，就看“主子”臉色
表語一般位于系動詞(如be,become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等)之后，用以說明主語這個“主子”的身份、特征和狀態(tài)等，一般由名詞、名詞性物主代詞、形容詞、分詞、數(shù)詞、不定式(短語)、動名詞、介詞短語、副詞及表語從句等充當(dāng)。
1. (2020·新課標(biāo)山東卷) Needless to say, they were deeply moved.(形容詞作表語)
2. (2020·全國卷Ⅰ，書面表達(dá)) His main duty is to measure body temperature and check the passes for exit and entry.(不定式作表語)
3. (2018·全國卷Ⅲ，書面表達(dá)) My favourite sport is running.(v.ing 作表語)
4. That's why I think the trip along the Yangtze River will be a better choice.(從句作表語)
5. (2017·全國卷Ⅱ書面表達(dá))So attractive and alive do they look that I think you could be interested in the exhibition.(形容詞作表語)
6. (2017·全國卷Ⅰ書面表達(dá))Tang Poetry is what we are going to learn the next class.(從句作表語)
五、定語
鞍前馬后搞服務(wù)，全心全意勤務(wù)兵
修飾或限定名詞或代詞的詞、短語或從句被稱為定語。定語服務(wù)于它所修飾或限定的名詞或代詞，可由形容詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞性物主代詞、介詞短語、非謂語動詞或定語從句等充當(dāng)。定語有前置和后置兩種情況，如短語結(jié)構(gòu)、從句等作定語時，常置于被修飾詞之后。
1. (2020·浙江卷，應(yīng)用文寫作) I have achieved satisfactory results in recent examinations.(形容詞作定語)
2. (2020·全國卷Ⅰ，書面表達(dá))He is a volunteer who works as a gate guard in our community during the epidemic of COVID19 .(從句作定語)
3. The exhibition will be held in the City Museum located in the north of our city.(分詞作定語)
4. As you see, the students in our school are always hard-working.(從句和介詞短語作定語)
5. My dream to be admitted into my favorite university will come true.(非謂語動詞作后置定語)
六、狀語
行蹤飄忽不定，卻對動詞“情有獨鐘”
修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個句子，說明動作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分叫作狀語。一般表示行為發(fā)生的時間、地點、目的、原因、條件、讓步、方式、程度等意義。狀語可由副詞、介詞短語、動詞不定式、分詞、狀語從句等充當(dāng)。
狀語在句子中的位置很靈活，所以說它“行蹤飄忽不定”。常見情況為：通常在句子基本結(jié)構(gòu)后，強(qiáng)調(diào)時放在句首；修飾形容詞或副詞時，通常位于被修飾詞之前；表示時間、地點、目的的狀語一般位于句子兩頭，強(qiáng)調(diào)時放在句首，地點狀語一般放在時間狀語之前；一些表示頻度的副詞(如often, almost等)作狀語通常位于be動詞、助動詞、情態(tài)動詞之后、實義動詞之前。
高考中一般考查副詞修飾動詞的用法，故說它對動詞“情有獨鐘”。
1. (2020·全國卷Ⅰ，書面表達(dá))Thanks to his efforts in epidemic prevention and control, our neighborhood has been in a good state. (介詞短語作狀語)
2. (2020·全國卷Ⅲ，書面表達(dá)) Looking forward to seeing you soon.(副詞作狀語)
3. (2020·全國卷Ⅱ，書面表達(dá))To let us experience the life in the countryside, our school organized a fruit-picking activity on a farm last weekend.(不定式短語作狀語)
4. (2019·北京卷，書面表達(dá))If you want a deep experience in the city, shared bikes would be the best choice.(從句作狀語)
5. (2019·全國卷Ⅱ書面表達(dá))We are training very hard these days.(副詞作狀語)
6. (2019·北京高考書面表達(dá))The next day, we set off early in the morning.(介詞短語作狀語)
7. (2019·全國卷Ⅱ書面表達(dá))Here I'd like to inform you of some detailed information to make you prepare for it.(非謂語動詞作狀語)
8. (2019·北京高考書面表達(dá))When I came back home, I shared my experiences with my parents.(從句作狀語)
七、補(bǔ)語
始終寄人籬下，永遠(yuǎn)成不了主人
補(bǔ)語也叫補(bǔ)足語，主要起補(bǔ)充說明的作用，最常見的是賓語補(bǔ)足語和主語補(bǔ)足語，所以說它寄人籬下，成不了“主人”。補(bǔ)足語可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式(短語)、分詞、介詞短語或從句充當(dāng)。
1. (2020·浙江卷，應(yīng)用文寫作) We sincerely wish you a quick recovery and an early return to China.(名詞短語作賓補(bǔ))
2. We'll try our best to make our country more and more beautiful.(形容詞作賓補(bǔ))
3. (2019·江蘇高考書面表達(dá))LiJiang will make the Chinese culture better known to British students.(過去分詞短語作賓語補(bǔ)足語)
4. He was seen playing basketball on the playgroundyesterday.(現(xiàn)在分詞短語作主語補(bǔ)足語)
八、同位語
總是玩失蹤，特殊場合還是“顯露原形”
對句子中的名詞(短語)或代詞作進(jìn)一步解釋、說明，與前面的成分在語法上處于同等地位的句子成分叫作同位語。英語句子表達(dá)中一般情況下是沒有同位語的，所以說它愛玩失蹤，如果要對前面的名詞的具體內(nèi)容作進(jìn)一步的說明，這時候就需要同位語，可謂“顯露原形”?？梢杂米魍徽Z的有：名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、介詞短語、不定式、動名詞和從句等。
1.（2019·天津卷，書面表達(dá)）I'm Li Jin, a student at Chenguang High School.(名詞短語作同位語)
2. Personally，I prefer the tour along the Yangtze River, the longest river and one of the mother rivers of Chinese civilization.(名詞短語作同位語)
3. (2019·全國卷Ⅰ書面表達(dá))My name is Li Hua, a Chinese student who is taking a summer course in London now.
利用所學(xué)知識，結(jié)合中文提示補(bǔ)全短文并背誦。
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(2020·全國卷Ⅱ) My Weekend In order to release the pressure resulting from our study，①___________________________________________ (上個周末，我和同學(xué)一起去星星農(nóng)場摘桔子)． Hardly had we arrived at the farm when we saw many oranges hanging from the branches. A farmer told us how to pick oranges. Then each of us carried a basket and a pair of scissors, quickly climbed up the ladder and started to pick oranges.② __________________ (沐浴在陽光下), we sang and laughed while picking oranges. After we paid for the oranges we picked, we prepared to go back to school. ③_________________________(我們度過了多么美好的時光啊)！Not only did it give us relaxation, but also it got us closer to nature.
答案： ①I went to Xingxing Farm to pick some oranges together with my classmates last weekend ②Bathed in sunshine ③What a wonderful time we had |
