題型概述
短文填空是中考英語(yǔ)試卷最難題目之一，它的分值是15分，分為10個(gè)小題，每小題1.5分，占整份英語(yǔ)試題分值的12.5%（15/120）。短文填空一般在一篇200~250字左右的故事性短文中挖出10個(gè)空（一般一行或一句一個(gè)空，首句不設(shè)空），要求學(xué)生通讀短文，并根據(jù)上下文來(lái)補(bǔ)全短文，每空只能填一個(gè)單詞（不能填數(shù)字）。主要考九大詞類（名詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、介詞、連詞、冠詞）。
該題旨在測(cè)試考生的英語(yǔ)閱讀理解能力和簡(jiǎn)單的書(shū)面表達(dá)能力，看其是否能夠運(yùn)用所學(xué)過(guò)的英語(yǔ)知識(shí)進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單的書(shū)面交流，從而達(dá)到既考查學(xué)生的語(yǔ)言基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)，又考查他們的觀察能力、聯(lián)想能力以及對(duì)語(yǔ)言的綜合運(yùn)用能力。為了答好短文填空題目，我們要打好基礎(chǔ)關(guān)。這個(gè)基礎(chǔ)關(guān)既包括1600個(gè)單詞，300多個(gè)短語(yǔ)以及一部分常用句型和習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)的意思和用法，也包括各種詞的詞形變化。此處重點(diǎn)介紹在短文填空中?？嫉拿~和動(dòng)詞的詞形變化。
解題步驟
1. 略讀全文，掌握大意。
短文填空與完形填空一樣，屬于障礙性閱讀，但它的難度比完形填空還要高，因?yàn)橥晷翁羁沼兴膫€(gè)備選答案，而短文填空沒(méi)有提供備選答案，要求考生既能想得到答案，還要寫(xiě)得對(duì)單詞。所以在解題時(shí)，先略讀全文，對(duì)全文有個(gè)大概了解。
2.運(yùn)用所學(xué)知識(shí)和技巧，逐項(xiàng)填空，先易后難。
在讀完一遍之后，對(duì)短文內(nèi)容有大概了解。然后運(yùn)用所學(xué)的知識(shí)與技巧，根據(jù)文章的大意，逐個(gè)填空。易的先填，難的做標(biāo)記后填。絕對(duì)不能留空。
3.核對(duì)答案。
全部題目完成后，再?gòu)?fù)讀一遍，核查答案。
（1）檢查答案注意動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)。
（2）檢查名詞要注意單復(fù)數(shù)。
（3）檢查形容詞和副詞的三個(gè)級(jí)別。
（4）檢查習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)、固定搭配等是否符合習(xí)慣。
（5）檢查上下文的連貫性，以及所填詞是否符合邏輯。
方法技巧
技巧一：尋“寶”推理法
與完形填空的尋“寶”推理法一樣，就是在從上下文中找到相關(guān)的“寶”（信息點(diǎn)），通過(guò)邏輯推理，從而填出與原句意思相符單詞的方法。如：
【典例】 It was a fine day last Sunday. John went to Tianlong supermarket to do some （1） alone. Because it was a little far away from his home, he （2） his car there. Soon he got there and found room for his car. He parked his car and went into the （3） to buy the things he needed. Twenty minutes later, he finished shopping. He was very happy he could （4） shopping in less than half an hour. At last he took the things slowly back to the car park. What a good day he had!
【分析】：
（1）A. 上下尋寶：從下文（倒數(shù)第二行）可尋到“寶”：“he could finish shopping in less...”。
B． 判定答案：把“寶”代入句子中，意思完整，故確定答案填shopping。
C． 檢查復(fù)核：shopping此處是不可數(shù)名詞，不用+s。
（2）A. 上下尋寶：從下文（本空的后一句）可尋到“寶”：“Soon he got …for his car”。
B. 判定答案：經(jīng)過(guò)邏輯推理，只有開(kāi)車(chē)去超市，才要找停車(chē)位，故確定答案填drive。
C. 檢查復(fù)核：drive是動(dòng)詞。上半句動(dòng)詞用was為過(guò)去時(shí)，所以本空也要用過(guò)去時(shí)“drove”。
（3）A. 上下尋寶：從上文（第一行第二句）可尋到“寶”：“Tianlong supermarket”。
B. 判定答案: 把“寶”代入句子中，意思完整，故確定答案填supermarket。
C. 檢查復(fù)核：supermarket此處是可數(shù)名詞，但此處沒(méi)有復(fù)數(shù)的概念，不用+s。
技巧二：.搭配法
根據(jù)短語(yǔ)，句型以及習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)的常用搭配來(lái)填詞的方法。如：
【典例】 With the environment becoming worse and worse, more and more people realize the importance of protecting the environment. But there are still some people paying less （1） to it. They are still doing something harmful to the environment.Last Sunday I went to the Plant Garden to enjoy （2） . When I stepped into the gate of the garden, I felt comfortable at first because I could breathe the fresh air and enjoy the beautiful flowers and trees.
But to my （3） , I saw a man lying in a sleep net hanging （4） two trees. I thought this kind of behavior would hurt the trees. How could he make money by hurting the trees like this? Without trees, how could we get the fresh air? I don’t know how to express my anger. I think （5） is our duty to protect the environment. So something must be done to stop this kind of behavior.
【分析】：
（1）A. 尋找搭配：從空格前后我們可尋到短語(yǔ)搭配：“pay attention to”。
B. 判定答案：由搭配可知，此處填attention一詞。
C. 檢查復(fù)核：attention代入后，意思通順，符合邏輯，且attention是不可數(shù)名詞，不用+s。
（2）A. 尋找搭配：從空格前我們可尋到短語(yǔ)搭配：“enjoy oneself”。
B. 判定答案：由搭配可知，此處缺了oneself一詞。前面是I，所以此處填myself。
C. 檢查復(fù)核：myself代入后，意思通順，符合邏輯，且myself沒(méi)有詞形變化。
技巧三：.前后關(guān)系判斷法
根據(jù)所填空的前后部分之間的關(guān)系來(lái)填詞的方法。
【典例】：At our school, we sometimes have a special day to help others. We call the day “Volunteer Day”. On that day, we often go to the old people’s home （1） help them do the housework. The old people were very happy （2） every year we organize this kind of activities several times. （3） we don’t do much for them, they were thankful to us. They were lonely, they needed people to visit them often and chatted with them. （4） every one can do something for the lonely old people, they will be happier.
【分析】：
（1）A. 分開(kāi)關(guān)系部分或句子：從所填空句子意思，我們可將句子分兩部分。第一部分“we often go tothe old people’s home”。第二部分 “help them do the housework”.
B. 根據(jù)兩部分之間關(guān)系，判定答案: 兩部分之間是并列關(guān)系，要填and；或者第二部分 “help themdo the housework”是“we often go to the oldpeople’s home”的目的。要填to。
C. 檢查復(fù)核：and或to代入后，意思通順，符合邏輯。所以此題答案可填and 或to。
（2）A. 分開(kāi)關(guān)系部分或句子：從所填空句子意思，我們可將句子分兩部分。第一部分“the old people were very happy”。
B. 第二部分 “every year we organize this kind of activities several times”.根據(jù)兩部分之間關(guān)系，判定答案：老人們很高興是因?yàn)槊磕晡覀冇泻脦状谓M織這樣的活動(dòng)。所以兩部分之間是因果關(guān)系，此處要填表原因的詞because。
C. 檢查復(fù)核：because代入后，意思通順，符合邏輯。所以此題答案可填because。
（3）A. 分開(kāi)關(guān)系部分或句子：從所填空句子意思，我們可將句子分兩部分。第一部分“we don’t do much for them”。
B. 第二部分 “they were thankful to us”.根據(jù)兩部分之間關(guān)系，判定答案：雖然我們?yōu)樗麄冏龅牟欢?，但是他們?duì)我們很感激。兩部分之間是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，故要填Though.
C. 檢查復(fù)核：Though代入后，意思通順，符合邏輯。所以此題答案可填Though。
（4）A. 分開(kāi)關(guān)系部分或句子：從所填空句子意思，我們可將句子分兩部分。第一部分“every one can do something for the lonely old people”。第二部分 “they will be happier”.
B. 根據(jù)兩部分之間關(guān)系，判定答案: 如果每個(gè)人都能為孤單老人做些事情，他們就會(huì)更高興。所以兩部分之間是條件關(guān)系，要填I(lǐng)f。
C. 檢查復(fù)核：If代入后，意思通順，符合邏輯。所以此題答案可填I(lǐng)f。
強(qiáng)化練習(xí)
【1】
(2018·黑龍江齊齊哈爾) (D)
閱讀短文，根據(jù)首字母或所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空，使短文語(yǔ)意通順。（每小題1分，共10分）
We can’t remember (61) _______ (clear) since when we started to take our mobile phones to a dinner table. This happens a lot, especially when we eat out. Once (62) d______ come, we take out our mobile phones and take photos (63) i_________ of lifting our chopsticks. Later, we post the photos onto Webo or Wechat, (64) ________ (wait) to be “liked”. Then we checked our mobile phones from time to time during the meal, to see (65) w________ we get “liked” or not. We just cannot leave our mobile phones for simply a meal.
Does that sound familiar to you? Do you do that often? If not, how do you feel when others do that when having dinner with you?
A recent study (66) ________ (suggest) that what we are used to doing is not that good. Spending time taking photos of food makes the food less pleasant. So, (67) w ________ not stop taking photos and just enjoy the food ahead of you?
Besides the (68) ________ (science) result, there are also some other bad influences of taking photos of food before meals. After posting the photos onto the Internet, one will be unable to control himself and check his mobile phone many times. “Does everyone accept my photos? I hope a lot of people like them!” It seems like your mobile phone secretly class your name all the time, even when you are (69) w_______ real people.
So, next time you go out to have dinner, how about not taking photos of food? Let the food be delicious as it is and share your life with others. Trust me, and it will be a (70) ________ (wonder) time.
【主旨大意】本文是一篇議論文。文中例舉了當(dāng)前的一種普遍現(xiàn)象，人們?cè)诓妥琅圆皇邱R上就餐，不是和朋友聊聊天，而是首先拿起手機(jī)拍照發(fā)微博或微信，然后做起了“低頭黨”，作者認(rèn)為這樣嚴(yán)重影響就餐并建議就餐時(shí)停止拍照玩手機(jī)，而是單純的享受美食。
61. 【答案】clearly remember為行為動(dòng)詞，后用副詞修飾，故把形容詞clear改為副詞clearly。
62. 【答案】dishes 由句意，一旦菜上上來(lái)了，人們開(kāi)始取出手機(jī)拍照，故填dishes。
63. 【答案】instead instead of意為“代替；而不是”，即人們開(kāi)始取出手機(jī)拍照而不是拿起筷子。
64. 【答案】waiting 由上下文，發(fā)完微博或微信后，等著被“點(diǎn)贊”，等待的動(dòng)作之伴隨而進(jìn)行的，故填現(xiàn)在分詞。
65. 【答案】whether 由句末or not可知此處應(yīng)該填whether, 意為“…去看是否被點(diǎn)贊…”。
66. 【答案】suggests A recent study為單數(shù)，故動(dòng)詞suggest用三單式。
67. 【答案】why Why not+動(dòng)詞原形？意為“為什么不….?” 常用于提建議。
68.【答案】 scientific 此處需用形容詞修飾名詞result，故把名詞science改為形容詞scientific。
69.【答案】 with be with意為“和….在一起”。
70.【答案】 wonderful / more wonderful 由句意：相信我，那將是一段難忘（更難忘）的時(shí)光。
【2】
(2018·湖北黃岡)
綜合填空(共10小題;每小題1分, 滿分10分) 閱讀下面材料, 在空白處填入一個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~或括號(hào)內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。( 提示: 每空不超過(guò)三個(gè)單詞)
Each different part of China has its own special forms of traditional art. These usually try to show the things 70 are important in life, such as love, beauty and family. The most common things, from paper to clay to bamboo, are turned into objects of beauty.
According to Chinese history, sky lanterns were first used by Zhuge Kongming. He sent them out _ 71 ( ask) for help when in trouble. Today, sky lanterns are used at festivals and othercelebrations. They _ 72 ( make) of bamboo and covered with paper. When the lanterns are lit, they slowly rise into the air like small hot-air blloons for all to see. They are seen as bright symbol of 73 ( happy) and good wishes.
Paper cutting 74 (be) around for over 1500 years. Paper cuting sounds very easy _75 it can be difficult to do. The paper, usually red, is folded before it is cut with scissors. The most common pictures are flowers, animals, and things about Chinese history. During the Spring Festival, they are put on windows, doors and walls 76 symbols of wishes for good luck and a happy new year.
Chinese clay art is famous because the clay pieces are so small but they look very real. The pieces are usually cute children or lively characters from a Chinese fairy tale or historical story. The pieces are _ 77 ( careful) shaped by hand from a very special kind of clay and then allowed to air-dry. Afer 78 ( dry), they are fired at a very high heat. They are then polished and painted. It takes several weeks 79 ( complete) everything. These small pieces of clay art show the love that all Chinese people have for life and beauty.
【主旨大意】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文，它介紹了中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化中具有代表性的孔明燈、剪紙和泥塑等文化藝術(shù)。通過(guò)對(duì)傳統(tǒng)中國(guó)文化元素的介紹，了解與中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化藝術(shù)有關(guān)的風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣和文化背景。
70. 【答案】that/ which 考查定語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)詞。“These usually try to show the things 70 are important in life, such as love, beauty and family.”意為“這些藝術(shù)形式通常盡力展示生活中重要的東西，例如愛(ài)、美和家庭。”由句意推知空格后是一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句修飾前面的things，定語(yǔ)從句中修飾事物的引導(dǎo)詞用that或which。
71.【答案】 to ask 考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。“He sent them out 71 ( ask) for help when in trouble.”意為“當(dāng)處于困境時(shí)，他就放出孔明燈求救。”ask與前面具有目的關(guān)系，英語(yǔ)中用動(dòng)詞不定式作目的狀語(yǔ)。
72. 【答案】are made 考查一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。“They 72 ( make) of bamboo and covered with paper.”意為“它們是用竹子做的，外面用紙包裹著。”，make和they具有被動(dòng)關(guān)系，且根據(jù)前面判斷句子使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)，故填are made。
73. 【答案】happiness 考查名詞。“They are seen as bright symbol of 73 ( happy) and good wishes.”意為“它們被看做是幸福和美好祝愿的象征。”空格處單詞與wishes具有并列關(guān)系，wishes在此是名詞，故填happiness。
74. 【答案】has been 考查動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)。“Paper cutting 74 ( be) around for over 1500 years.”中的for over 1500 years判斷句子是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)。
75.【答案】 but 考查連詞。“Paper cuting sounds very easy 75 it can be difficult to do.”空格前意為“剪紙聽(tīng)起來(lái)很容易”，空格后意為“可能很難做。”前后發(fā)生意義轉(zhuǎn)折，故填but。
76.【答案】 as 考查介詞。“During the Spring Festival, they are put on windows, doors and walls 76 symbols of wishes for good luck and a happy new year.”意為“在春節(jié)期間，人們把它們貼在窗戶上、門(mén)上和墻上，作為祈求好運(yùn)和新年快樂(lè)的象征。”as表示“作為”之意。
77.【答案】 carefully 考查副詞。“The pieces are 77 ( careful) shaped by hand from a very special kind of clay and then allowed to air-dry.”意為“這些作品通過(guò)手工，用一種非常特殊的陶土精心塑形，然后再自然晾干。”空格處單詞修飾動(dòng)詞shape，在英語(yǔ)中修飾動(dòng)詞用副詞形式，故填carefully。
78.【答案】 dying 考查介詞用法。“After 78 (dry), they are fired at a very high heat.”意為“干了之后，再用高溫?zé)啤?rdquo;在該句中after是介詞，介詞后面的動(dòng)詞用其-ing形式，故填dying。
79.【答案】 to complete 考查固定句型。“It takes several weeks 79 ( complete) everything.”意為“完成這一切要花費(fèi)幾周的時(shí)間。”take作為“花費(fèi)”之意，常用于It takes +時(shí)間段+to do sth.句型。故填to complete。
