01 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

1. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)：

主語 + 助動(dòng)詞have(has) + 動(dòng)詞過去分詞

否定句：have/has后加not, haven’t/hasn’t

一般疑問句：have/has提前

2. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法：

（1）表示過去發(fā)生的某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是這個(gè)結(jié)果或影響，常與yet，already，just，before，lately等時(shí)間狀語連用。

—Have you had your lunch yet? 你吃過午飯了嗎？

—Yes, I have. I have just had it. 是的，我剛吃過。（現(xiàn)在我不餓了。）

I have already posted the photos. 我已經(jīng)寄過這些照片了。（這些照片已不在我這里了。）

（2）過去發(fā)生的事情，一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在（其謂語動(dòng)詞多是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞或表示狀態(tài)的詞）。

I haven’t seen her these days. 近來我一直沒見過他。

I’ve known Li Lei for three years. 我認(rèn)識(shí)李雷已經(jīng)三年了。

They have lived here since 1996. 他們自從1996年就住在這兒。

She has taught us since I came to this school. 自從我來這所學(xué)校，她就教我。

3. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)多與下列時(shí)間狀語連用：

（1）用于＂過去發(fā)生的事，對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果＂的時(shí)間狀語有：

（2）用于＂過去發(fā)生的事，一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在＂的時(shí)間狀語有：

for + 時(shí)間段  for two years

so far 目前；迄今為止

up to now=till now=by now 到現(xiàn)在為止；直到現(xiàn)在

all the time 總是；一直  

recently/lately 最近

these days 近幾天

by the end of...到……末/結(jié)束  by the end of this month/year 到本月/年末

during /over the last (past) few years 在過去的幾年中

in the last /past days/ months/ years 在過去的幾個(gè)天/月/年中

（3）在條件、時(shí)間、讓步狀語從句中，表示將來某時(shí)以前已完成的動(dòng)作。

I will not believe you unless I have seen it with my own eyes.

I will go with you as soon as I have finished my work.

（4）非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的否定形式可以與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用即動(dòng)作不發(fā)生的狀態(tài)是可以持續(xù)的。

I haven’t received his letter for almost a month.

（5）since與for用法比較

4. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的常用固定句型

（1）That/This/It is the first (second, third ... ) time... (that) ...句型中，從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。

It is the first time that I have visited the city. 這是我第一次參觀這座城市。 

It is the third time that the boy has been late. 這是這個(gè)男生第三次遲到了。 

（2）＂That/This/It is the + 形容詞最高級(jí) + 名詞 + （that）從句＂中，that 從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。

This is the best film that I’ve (ever) seen. 這是我看過的最好看的電影。 

（3）在＂It is/has been + 一段時(shí)間 + since ... ＂句型中，主句常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)或一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，從句用一般過去時(shí)。

It has been/ It’s 5 years since we last met. 自從上一次我們見面到現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)是五年了。 

It’s / It has been 3 months since the man died. 那人死去3個(gè)月了。  

（4）一段時(shí)間+ 完成時(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)+ since 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句

Two years has passed since I came here. 我來這兒已經(jīng)兩年了。

【疑難辨析】

1.（2019·新課標(biāo)II卷·語法填空）I don t see any reason to give up work. I love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I ___66___(make) over the years

【答案】have made

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)。根據(jù)該定語從句中的時(shí)間狀語“over the years”可知，此處用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)，句意：我喜歡到這里來看看我的家人和我這些年來交到的朋友們。故填have made。

2.（2018·北京卷·單項(xiàng)填空）China’s high-speed railways _________ from 9,000 to 25,000 kilometers in the past few years.

A. are growing    B. have grown    C. will grow    D. had grown

【答案】B

【解析】考查時(shí)態(tài)。句意：在過去的幾年里，中國的高速鐵路已經(jīng)從9,000公里增長到25,000公里。該句時(shí)間狀語為in the past few years。中國高速鐵路的增長是從過去一直到現(xiàn)在幾年里的情況，故該句應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)。B選項(xiàng)正確。

3. In the last few years, China __________ great achievements in environmental protection.

A. has made B. had made C. was making D.is making

【答案】A

【解析】句意：在過去的這些年里，中國在環(huán)境保護(hù)中取得了很大的成就。由時(shí)間狀語in the last few years可推知?jiǎng)幼鲝倪^去一段時(shí)間持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成影響，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。故選A。

02 過去完成時(shí)

1. 基本結(jié)構(gòu)：

肯定句：主語 + had + 過去分詞 + 其他.

否定句：主語 + had + not + 過去分詞 + 其他.

一般疑問句：Had + 主語 + 過去分詞 + 其他?

特殊疑問句：特殊疑問詞或詞組 + 一般疑問句（Had + 主語 + 過去分詞 + 其他）？

2. 基本用法

（1）表示在過去某一時(shí)刻或動(dòng)作以前完成了的動(dòng)作，也可以說過去的時(shí)間關(guān)于過去的動(dòng)作。即＂過去的過去＂?？梢杂胋y，before等介詞短語或一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語從句(在復(fù)合句中，由時(shí)間連接詞引導(dǎo)的狀語從句叫做時(shí)間狀語從句)來表示，也可以用一個(gè)表示過去的動(dòng)作來表示，還可能通過上下文來表示。

By nine o’clock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship. 到昨晚9點(diǎn)鐘，我們已經(jīng)收到200 張飛船發(fā)來的圖片。

（2）表示由過去的某一時(shí)刻開始，一直延續(xù)到過去另一時(shí)間的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，常和for，since構(gòu)成的時(shí)間狀語連用。

I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came. 當(dāng)車來的時(shí)候，我在車站已經(jīng)等了20分鐘。

He said he had worked in that factory since 1949. 他說自從1949年以來他就在那家工廠工作。

（3）敘述過去發(fā)生的事情，在已敘述了過去發(fā)生的事情后，反過來追述或補(bǔ)述以前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作時(shí)，常使用過去完成時(shí)。

Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine. 史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的好朋友。

I didn’t know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my lesson. 我對(duì)動(dòng)詞一無所知，因?yàn)槲覜]有好好學(xué)習(xí)功課。

（4）在含有定語從句的主從復(fù)合句中，如果敘述的是過去的事，先發(fā)生的動(dòng)作常用過去完成時(shí)。

I returned the book that I had borrowed. 我已歸還了我借的書。

She found the key that she had lost. 她丟失的鑰匙找到了。

（5）過去完成時(shí)常常用在told，said，knew，heard，thought等動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句（或間接引語）中，這時(shí)從句中的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句表示的過去的動(dòng)作之前。

He said that he had known her well. 他說他很熟悉她。

I thought I had sent the letter a week before. 我認(rèn)為我一星期前就把信寄出去了。

（6）狀語從句：在過去不同時(shí)間發(fā)生的兩個(gè)動(dòng)作中，發(fā)生在前，用過去完成時(shí)；發(fā)生在后，用一般過去時(shí)。

如when，before，after，as soon as，till/until引導(dǎo)的從句。

When I woke up, it had already stopped raining. 我醒來時(shí)雨已停了。

She didn’t go to bed until she had finished her work. 她直到把工作做完之后才睡覺。

注意：如果兩個(gè)動(dòng)作緊接著發(fā)生，則常常不用過去完成時(shí)，特別是在包含before和after的復(fù)合句中，因?yàn)檫@時(shí)從句的動(dòng)作和主句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生的先后順序已經(jīng)非常明確，這時(shí)可以用一般過去時(shí)代替過去完成時(shí)。

After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English. 馬克思到達(dá)英格蘭之后，努力提高他的英語水平。

（7）動(dòng)詞think，want，hope，mean，plan，intend等用過去完成時(shí)來表示過去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的想法、希望、打算或意圖等。

They had wanted to help but could not get there in time. 他們本來打算去幫忙，但沒有及時(shí)趕到那里。

We had hoped to be able to come and see you. 我們本來希望能來看看你。

（8）過去完成時(shí)還可用在hardly...when...，no sooner... than...，It was the first (second, etc) time (that)...等固定句型中。

Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him. 他剛開始演講，聽眾就打斷了他。

No sooner had he arrived than he went away again. 他剛到就又走了。

It was the third time that he had been out of work that year. 這是他那一年第三次失業(yè)了。

3. 過去完成時(shí)的語法判定

（1）由時(shí)間狀語來判定

一般說來，各種時(shí)態(tài)都有特定的時(shí)間狀語。與過去完成時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語有：

①by + 過去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)

I had finished reading the novel by nine o’clock last night.

②by the end of + 過去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)

We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.

③before + 過去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)

They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.

（2）由＂過去的過去＂來判定

過去完成時(shí)表示＂過去的過去＂，是指過去某一動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作，即動(dòng)作有先后關(guān)系，動(dòng)作在前的用過去完成時(shí)，在后的用一般過去時(shí)。這種用法常出現(xiàn)在：

①賓語從句中

當(dāng)賓語從句的主句為一般過去時(shí)，且從句的動(dòng)作先于主句的動(dòng)作時(shí)，從句要用過去完成時(shí)。如told，said，knew，heard，thought等動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句。

She said that she had seen the film before.

②狀語從句中

在時(shí)間、條件、原因、方式等狀語從句中，主、從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生有先后關(guān)系，動(dòng)作在前的，要用過去完成時(shí)，動(dòng)作在后的要用一般過去時(shí)。

After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.

注意：before，after 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句中，由于 before 和 after 本身已表達(dá)了動(dòng)作的先后關(guān)系，若主、從句表示的動(dòng)作緊密相連，則主、從句都用一般過去時(shí)。

After he closed the door, he left the classroom.

③表示意向的動(dòng)詞，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用過去完成時(shí)表示＂原本……，未能……＂。

We had hoped that you would come, but you didn’t.

（3）根據(jù)上、下文來判定

I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn’t seen each other since he went to Beijing.

【巧學(xué)妙記】

1.（2019·天津卷·單項(xiàng)填空）I __________ to send Peter a gift to congratulate him on his marriage，but I couldn t manage it.

A. had hopedB. am hoping

C. have hopedD. would hope

【答案】A

【解析】考查過去完成時(shí)。句意：我本來計(jì)劃在Peter結(jié)婚時(shí)送他一個(gè)禮物的，可是我沒有做到。第二個(gè)分句中“couldn’t”用的是一般過去時(shí)，它之前的動(dòng)作用過去完成時(shí)。故選A。

2. （2018·天津卷·單項(xiàng)填空） If we ___________the flight yesterday, we would be enjoying our holiday on the beach

A. had caught    B. caught

C. have caught    D. would catch

【答案】A

【解析】考查虛擬語氣。句意：如果我們昨天趕上飛機(jī)的話，現(xiàn)在我們正在海灘享受我們的假日了。根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語yesterday可知，從句表示與過去事實(shí)相反，故用had + v-ed。故選A。

3.（2017·北京卷·單項(xiàng)填空）In the 1950s in the USA, most families had just one phone at home, and wireless phones _______ yet.

A. haven’t invented  B. haven’t been invented   

C. hadn’t invented    D. hadn’t been invented

【答案】D

【解析】句意：在美國20世紀(jì)50年代的時(shí)候，大多數(shù)的家庭家里只有一部電話，并且無線電話還根本沒有發(fā)明出來。根據(jù)句意可知用被動(dòng)語態(tài)，排除A和C，事情發(fā)生在過去，與現(xiàn)在無關(guān)，不用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，排除B，故選D，過去完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

03 將來完成時(shí)

1. 將來完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成：＂will/shall + have + 過去分詞＂。

Hopefully after three years at university I will have matured. 希望3年大學(xué)生活之后我能變成熟。

Only five short years later, your money will have grown by $94,000. 僅短短 5 年時(shí)間后，你的錢就會(huì)增多 94,000 美元。

He will have been heartened by the telephone opinion poll published yesterday. 他會(huì)為昨天公布的電話民意調(diào)查結(jié)果感到鼓舞。

2. 將來完成的用法

（1）表示＂將來完成＂：即表示到將來某個(gè)時(shí)間為止勢必會(huì)完成或預(yù)計(jì)要完成的動(dòng)作。

When we get there, she’ll have gone to work. 我們到那里時(shí)她會(huì)已經(jīng)上班去了。

I expect you will have changed your mind by tomorrow. 我預(yù)料到明天你就會(huì)改變主意了。

（2）表示＂持續(xù)＂：即表示某種狀況將一直持續(xù)到說話人所提及的某一將來時(shí)間。

We will have been married a year on June 25th. 到6月25日我們倆就結(jié)婚滿1年了。

By this time next week, I will have been working for this company for 24 years. 到下星期此刻，我就已經(jīng)為該公司工作24年了。

（3）表示＂推測：即表示根據(jù)某情況作出的推測。

That will have been Roland. He said he’d be back at 7. 準(zhǔn)是羅蘭。他說他7點(diǎn)鐘回來。

There will have been a definite result before Friday. 星期五以前肯定會(huì)有結(jié)果。

1.（2019·江蘇卷·單項(xiàng)填空）They are trying to make sure that 5G terminals_________ by 2022 for the Beijing Winer Olympics.

A. will installB. will have been installed

C. are installedD. have been installed

【答案】B

【解析】考查時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)。句意：他們正努力確保在2022年北京冬奧會(huì)之前安裝5G終端。表示在將來某一時(shí)間以前已經(jīng)完成或一直持續(xù)的動(dòng)作，用將來完成時(shí)。“5G終端”和“安裝”之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，用被動(dòng)語態(tài)，故選B。

2.It’s reported that by the end of the month, the output of cement in the factory___________by about 10%.

A. will have risenB. will be rising

C. has risenD. has been rising

【答案】A

【解析】考查時(shí)態(tài)。由時(shí)間狀語"by the end of the month"可知此處表示在將來某時(shí)已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作，因此用將來完成時(shí)。

3.You needn’t hurry her. It___________by her by the time you are ready.

A.will have been finishingB.has finished

C.will have been finishedD.will be finished

【答案】C

【解析】考查時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)。"by the time you are ready"表示將來的某個(gè)時(shí)間，此處表示將來完成的動(dòng)作，故應(yīng)使用將來完成時(shí)，根據(jù)句意，事情應(yīng)該被完成，所以C項(xiàng)正確。