考點聚焦
功能：相當于形容詞，修飾名詞或代詞，在句中作定語
位置：定語從句置于被修飾詞之后
例如：He is the man who studies in USA.
本句中涉及到三個概念：
1.先行詞即 the man：被定語從句飾的詞稱為先行詞
先行詞一般是名詞和不定代詞，如:some-, any-, every-和no與-boy, -thing的合成詞；或all、none、any、some、that、those等代詞。數(shù)詞也可以作先行詞，人稱代詞也同樣可作先行詞。
2. 引導詞即who:起連接的作用
引導詞分兩類：關系代詞和關系副詞
關系代詞：who;which;that;whose;whom
關系副詞：when;where;why
3.從句即studies in USA.：引導詞之后的句子。
考點精講
1. 關系代詞 : who;which; that; whom; whose
其中關系代詞who;which;that;whom用于后面的從句缺主語或賓語的情況
(1) who:指代先行詞是人(可做從句的主語或賓語)
She is the girl who I teach in China.(從句缺賓語)
That is the man who teaches us English.(從句缺主語)
(2) which:指代先行詞是物（做從句的主語或賓語）
That is the book which I want.(從句缺賓語)
There is a bird which stands in the building.(從句缺主語)
(3) that: 指代先行詞是人或物（做從句的主語或賓語）
She is the girl who/that I teach in China.(從句缺賓語)
There is a bird which/that stands in the building.(從句缺主語)
(4) whom;指代先行詞是人，但只用于從句是缺賓語的情況。
She is the girl who/whom I teach in China.(從句缺賓語)
That is the man whom teaches us English.(從句缺主語,本句用whom是錯誤的)
(5) whose:指代從句中缺定語的情況（表示所屬關系）
That is the building whose windows broke last night.(本句中的windows是屬于the building構成一種所屬關系即缺少building’s)
2.關系副詞：when;where;why(該三個詞主要用于從句是不缺主語或是賓語的情況即從句是個完整句)
(1) when:指代先行詞表時間如：time；month;year;occasion等(形式上等于介詞+which)
I still remember the day when /on which I came to Beijing.(該從句是一個完整的句子，先行詞是the day在從句中需要加個介詞on來做狀語的成分即I came to Beijing on the day)
(2)where :指代先行詞是地點的詞如：place;house;school;也可以是模糊的詞如：point;stage;work;situation等(形式上等于介詞+which)
That is the place where/in which I was born .(該從句I was born也是一個完整句，即不缺主語或賓語的，此時where可以換成in which)
(3)why:指代先行詞是表原因的詞即：reason（形式上只能是等于for+which)
That is the reason why/for which he was late for school.
非限制性定語從句
非限制性定語從句起補充說明作用，缺少也不會影響全句的理解。在非限制性定語從句的前面往往有逗號隔開。
The house, which I bought last year, has a lovely garden.
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.
I still remember the day, when I came to Beijing.
總結
定語從句三步法：
1. 找出先行詞
2. 判斷從句是不是完整句:
完整句考慮關系副詞：when;where; why
不是完整句考慮關系代詞：that;who;which;whom;whose
3. 選擇合適的關系詞
注意：
（1）定語從句中是沒有引導詞what;
（2）非限制性定語從句中無引導詞that；
The house, that I bought last year, has a lovely garden.(錯誤)
改為The house, which I bought last year, has a lovely garden.
（3）先行詞做從句的賓語時，可省引導詞
That is the book which I want.(從句缺賓語)可改為That is the book I want.
（4）在定語從句中，當先行詞指物時，下列情況的關系詞宜用that而不用which
1．先行詞被①形容詞最高級 ②序數(shù)詞 ③數(shù)詞幾種詞修飾或被 ④only、any、few、little、no、all、one of等修飾時。
2．先行詞為all、much、little、none、few、one、something、anything等不定代詞時。
3．先行詞中既有人又有物時。
He was looking pleasantly at te children and parcels that filled his bus.
4．先行詞在主句中作表語關系詞在從句中作表語時。
The village is no longer the one that was 5 years ago.
5．當主句中含有疑問詞which時。
Which are the books that you bought for me ?
（5）宜用which而不用that的情況
①在非限制性定語從句中
②在關系詞前有介詞時
③當先行詞本身是that時
④當關系詞離先行詞較遠時
2015年—2019年全國卷語法專項
語法填空
1. I’d skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River ___are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings.（2015年全國1）
解析:本句中的從句是缺主語的，所以考慮關系代詞，通過判斷先行詞是mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River，表示物所以填that或which。
2. But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s, _____ I was the first Western TV reporter.(2016年全國1)
解析:本句意思是我和熊貓的關聯(lián)要追溯到20世紀80年代，那時我是第一個西方的記者。通過判斷本句是個非限制性定語從句，而從句是完整句考慮關系副詞，先行詞是the 1980s，表示時間所以填when
3. Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, lived from roughly 551 to 479 B.C., influenced the development of chopsticks.（2016年全國3）
解析：一些人認為偉大的中國學者孔子，生活在公園前的551到479，影響了筷子的發(fā)展。本句的從句是缺主語，考慮關系代詞，先行詞是Chinese scholar Confucius，表示人，所以填who。
4. Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, is not good for the health.（2017年全國1）
解析：本題通過判斷是考查非限制性定語從句，從句是缺主語，考慮關系代詞，先行詞是前面整個句子，表示個事件，填which。
5. But Sarah, has taken part in shows along with top models, wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.（2017年全國3）
解析：Sarah和頂級模特已經(jīng)參加了表演，想證明她有智慧和美麗。本句的從句是缺主語，先行詞是Sarah，表示人，填who。
6. Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014________showed a mere five to 10 minutes day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.（2018年全國1）
解析：兩個評論家也做了研究，在2014年被發(fā)表，這項研究表明5到10分鐘跑步可以減少心臟病和早死的風險。本句中的從句缺少主語，考慮關系代詞，先行詞是study，填that或which。
7. The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005—when the government started a soil-testing program ________ gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers - and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.（2018年全國2）
解析：政府開始了一項土壤測試項目，這個項目對農(nóng)民給出了具體的建議。本句中從句缺少主語考慮關系代詞，先行詞是program，填that或which。
8. Now Irene Astbury works from 9am to 5pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield, ____ she opened with her late husband Les.(2019年全國2)
解析：Irene Astbury每天在寵物店從9點到5點工作，她和她后來的丈夫創(chuàng)辦的。本句考查的是非限制性定語從句，因為從句she opened后缺少賓語，考慮關系代詞，先行詞是shop，表示物，填which。
9. We were first greeted with the barking by a pack of dogs，seven to be exact.They were well trained by their masters had great experience with caring for these animals.（2019年全國3）
解析：這些狗都受到了主人的良好訓練，并且這些狗主人在照顧動物上有豐富的經(jīng)驗。本句中從句是had great experience前沒有主語，考慮關系代詞，先行詞是their masters，表示物，填who。
短文改錯
1. In their spare time, they are interested in planting vegetables in their garden, that is on the rooftop of their house.（2017年全國2）
解析：在空閑時間，他們在花園里種蔬菜很感興趣，而這些花園是在他們的屋頂上。本句中定語從句that is on the rooftop of their house.前有個逗號，所以是非限制性定語從句，把that改為which
2. Around me in the picture are the things they were very important in my life at that time: car magazines and musical instruments.（2017年全國3）
解析：在照片中，我的周圍是那時我生命中非常重要的東西：車刊和樂器。
本句的中的從句they were very important修飾the things來做定語，所以they改為which或that。
3. They also had a small pond, which they raised fish.（2018年全國1）
解析：他們有一小的池子，在那里他們可以喂養(yǎng)魚。本句中的從句they raised fish.是個完整句，所以which改為where。
4. In the cafe, customers will enjoy themselves in the historical environment what is created for them.(2019年全國3)
解析：在咖啡店，顧客們在有歷史的氛圍中玩得很開心，這個環(huán)境是為他們而建的。本句中從句what is created for them.是修飾environment，因為定語從句中沒有引導詞what，所以改為that或which。
